NEUROLOGY. 125 
head proper; as also the volume of its lower portion ec, with that of the 
upperc f, The former of these bears reference to the perceptive faculties, 
the latter to the reflective. . 
Finally, take the entire circumference of the head into consideration, and 
compare the height with the breadth, by which means we shall obtain the 
relation between the lateral and the superior region. The usually greater 
development of the lateral region in proportion to that of the fore part of 
the head, again points to the preponderance of the animal in man. We 
may next proceed to the consideration of the single organs situated in each 
of these regions. 
In the frontal part of tid head he the intellectual faculties, the perceptive 
being inferior and the reflective superior. All the rest of thé head belongs 
to the feelings; the basilar and lateral portions to the instincts, the vertical 
to the feelings. The part add of the region of the vertex deserves especial 
mention, on account of the influence which the organs situated im it exer- 
cise upon the operations of all the rest, exciting and communicating a 
greater degree of energy to them. This part of the head, in connexion 
with a well developed frontal and vertical region, imparts strength 
both to the intelleetual and the moral faculties, while in connexion 
with a high development of the basilar region it invigorates the animal 
impulses. 
Quite recently Carus has endeavored to establish Cranioscopy on a more 
scientific basis than hitherto. He starts with the principle that the skull 
consists of three vertebra, and that these three vertebrz correspond to the 
three divisions of the brain, anterior, middle, and posterior; which in turn 
stand in strictest relation to the three directions of spiritual activity, the 
intellect, the sensibility, and the will. He made use of every opportunity 
in his power to obtain measurements of the most diverse heads, comparing, 
too, a great number of skulls and plaster casts, and from his different 
examinations attained to the following noteworthy results. Wemay remark 
that the measurements given are in the German inch, which is slightly 
larger than the English. | 
He never found that among men in whom there existed a deficient 
development of the anterior or frontal vertebra (in height less than 4 inches 
6 lines measured from the opening of the ear, and a breadth of forehead 
less than 4 inches) there was any decided intellectual development. On 
the other hand, in an extensive series of remarkably intellectual indivi- 
duals he found ie volume of the frontal vertebra to be always considerable 
(5 inches to 53 high and 4: to 5 inches broad). As instances Carus adduces 
Kant, the great metaphysician; Ehrenberg, the naturalist; Retzius ot 
Stockholm, the anatomist; Von Raumer, the historian; Von Lindenau, the 
statesman ; the artists, Rauch (4 inches 4 lines high, 4 inches 7 lines broad), 
Bendemann, and Thorwaldsen (5 inches 2 lines high, + inches 8 lines broad); 
the poets, Schiller, Goethe, and Tieck: in all these there was a striking 
anterior development. In the head of the Italian philosopher Nobili alone 
did he find so slight dimensions as a height of 43 inches, and a breadth of 
41,'and in his case the whole skull was very delicately organized, the bones 
881 
