NEUROLOGY. — 131 
5, 6,5 
, posterior nasal nerves; ‘, palatine nerves; ’, lingual nerve and chorda 
tympani; °, submaxillary nerve; °, superficial temporal nerve; ", inner 
pterygoid; ", ganglion oticum; ”, threads from it to the tympanum, and to the 
mucous membrane of the nose; “, connecting branch to the facial nerves; ", 
threads to the tensor tympani; “, threads to the plexus, along the internal. 
maxillary artery; *, facial nerve; ", chorda tympani. 
Pl. 188, jig. 11, nerves of the larynx: ', superior, *, inferior laryngeal 
nerves; *, union of the two. Mg. 12’, laryngeal; *, thyroid gland; °, tra- 
chea; *, arteria imnominata; °, right lung; °, stomach; ’, great cceliac 
plexus; °°, glosso-pharyngeal nerve; “, lingual branch of the fifth pair ; 
", hypoglossus; “, accessory nerve; ", division into the muscular branch 
and into the branch to the tenth pair; ", vagus; ", its pharyngeal branch 
uniting with threads of the glosso-pharyngeus and sympatheticus to form 
the pharyngeal plexus; “, superior laryngeal nerve and its division into an 
outer and an inner branch; *”’”’’, nerves of the heart; ", off-shoot of the 
recurrens; ™, inferior cervical plexus of the sympatheticus; *, tracheal 
branch; *, pulmonic plexus; ”, pharyngeal nerves; *, entrance of the right 
vagus into the cceliac plexus; ™, left trunk, and its distribution on the 
stomach ; *°, coeliac plexus. 
B. Spinal Nerves. 
There are thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves, each arising by two roots, an 
anterior or motor root, and a posterior or sensitive root. 
The anterior roots proceed from a narrow white line, anterior lateral 
sulcus, on the antero-lateral column of the spinal cord, and gradually 
approach towards the anterior longitudinal fissure as they ascend. The 
posterior roots proceed from the posterior lateral sulcus, a narrow grey 
stria, formed by the internal grey substance of the cord. 
_ After the formation of a ganglion the two roots unite and constitute a 
spinal nerve. The spinal nerves are divided into cervical, dorsal, lumbar, 
and. sacral. ‘T'he cervical nerves pass off transversely from the spinal 
cord; the dorsal are oblique in their direction, and the lumbar and sacral 
vertical; the latter form the large assemblage of nerves at the termination 
of the cord called cauda equina. 
1. THE CeRvicAL NERVES are eight in number, increasing in size as they 
descend; the first passes out above the atlas, and is named the sub- 
occipital ; the eighth passes out above the first dorsal vertebra. All of 
these, except the first and second, immediately outside the intervertebral 
foramina, divide into a posterior and an anterior branch; the posterior of 
each is generally the smaller. The anterior branches of the first four form 
the cervical plexus, and those of the last four with the first dorsal, the 
brachial plexus. 
2. THe CERVICAL PLEXUS is formed by the loops and communications 
between the anterior branches of the four superior cervical nerves, which 
join each other in arches, from the convexities of which branches arise that 
again join in a similar manner: lymphatic glands and a quantity of cellular. 
tissue are entangled in the areole between these. This plexus commu-. 
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