140 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
and others with the third and fourth. The internal branches are’ pha- 
ryngeal, laryngeal, and cardiac. The pharyngeal arise from the superior 
part of the ganglion; are of a pale red color and ganglionic structure; they 
pass inwards and join the pharyngeal branches of the glosso-pharyngeal and 
pheumogastric in the extensive plexus which supplies the pharynx and 
fauces. The laryngeal branches arise near the last, pass downwards and 
inwards, and join the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve. The supe- 
rior cardvac, or superficialis cordis, arises near the lower part of the gan- 
glion, and descending, enters the chest, and joins the great cardiac ganglion. 
The middle cervical ganglion, smaller than the superior, is sometimes 
wanting. It is situated behind the carotid opposite to the fifth vertebra; 
from its anterior aspect it sends off the middle or great cardiac nerve, 
which enters the chest, and with the superior and inferior cardiac nerves 
joins the cardiac plexus and ganglion. 
The wfervor cervical ganghon is of an irregular figure, semilunar or 
triangular, and frequently appears to consist of several small ganglions con- 
nected with each other by reddish filaments. It is situated between the 
transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first 
rib; filaments from it communicate with the phrenic nerve and with the 
brachial plexus; its external branches join the three last cervical and first 
dorsal nerves. From its inferior aspect proceed the inferior cardiac nerves, 
which communicate with the middle, and with sami form the vagus 
and recurrens, ending in the cardiac plexus. 
Cardiac Merwin, Ganghon, and Plexus. The superior cardiac nerve 
arises from the inner part of the superior cervical ganglion, and descends 
to the chest communicating with various nerves, and ultimately joming the 
cardiac plexus, the recurrens, and other nerves. The middle cardiac nerve 
arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the sympathetic nerve 
about the middle of the neck; it descends either in a single cord or in 
several parallel filaments into the thorax, where it is joimed by large 
branches from the vagus and recurrens nerves; continuing its descent it 
terminates. in the cardiac ganglion or plexus. The inferior cardiac nerve 
or nerves proceed from the inferior cervical ganglion, and terminate either 
on the fore part of the aortic arch, or in the anterior cardiac plexus. 
The cardiac ganglion is situated within the arch of the aorta; it is 
joined by the right and left superior cardiac nerves, and by branches from 
the pneumogastric. 
The great cardiac plecus is situated behind the ascending aorta, and 
consists of a plexus of nerves formed by the middle and inferior nerves 
from opposite sides, also by branches from the eighth pair, and the recur- 
rent nerves. The roots of the large vessels and the structure of the heart 
are supplied by the branches from the great cardiac ganglion and plexus, and 
from the cardiac nerves. These branches form two smaller plexuses, the 
anterior cardiac or coronary, and the posterior plexus. 
In the thorax the sympathetic nerves have twelve ganglions on each side 
of the spine; sometimes but eleven, when the last cervical and first dorsal 
are united into one. Each of the thoracic ganglions is small, fiat, and tri- 
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