186 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
opened. /%g. 31, pharynx opened from behind, showing the posterior part. 
of the fauces: ', internal pterygoid muscle; °, stylo-pharyngeal muscle; 
+4 posterior nares; °, velum palati with the uvula; %’, its two crura 
to the tongue; between them the depression for the tonsils, *; °, isthmus 
faucium ; “, base of the tongue; ”, opening of the larynx; ”, posterior wall. 
of the larynx; **, portion of the trachea. | | 
2. THE ToNGUE, though somewhat triangular, is of a very variable shape; 
its base, thick and broad, is connected to the epiglottis and to the palate by 
folds of mucous membrane (the former are the frzena of the epiglottis, the 
latter are the arches of the palate), and to the os hyoides and inferior 
maxilla by muscles, to the latter also by a mucous fold, the freenum lingua; 
the apex is thin and unattached; that portion between it and the base is 
named the body of the tongue; all the upper surface, the sides, and about 
one third of its inferior surface, are covered by mucous membrane, which 
is very rough superiorly, from the number of papille that project through 
it; anteriorly, these papille are small, conical, and connected with the 
terminations of the nerves of taste; posteriorly they are large, round, fungi- 
form, lenticular, and very irregular; these are small glands which open on 
the mucous surface; near the epiglottis these glandular papille are often 
observed to have a peculiar arrangement, like the letter V, the concavity 
turned forwards; these are of a conical form, the apex attached in a little 
membranous cup or calyx; behind the apex of this angle a deep depression 
(foramen ccecum) is observable; this contains some mucous follicles. A 
superficial groove or raphe runs along the dorsum or top of the tongue; one 
more distinct exists along the inferior surface; and a cellulo-ligamentous 
line divides it mesially into two symmetrical portions. This line is more 
distinct near the base; in some animals it is very dense and even bony; in 
paralysis one side only of this organ is frequently found affected. The 
substance of the tongue is composed of adeps blended with numerous mus- 
cular fibres derived from the stylo, hyo, genio-hyo-glossi, and Jingualis 
muscles, and of many other fleshy fibres which do not properly belong to 
any of these; two large arteries (lingual) and six considerable nerves (the 
gustatory, the lingual and the glosso-pharyngeal, on each side) supply this 
organ. ‘The tongue is not only the organ of taste, but by its great mobility 
it assists in speech, in suction, and in deglutition. The fifth pair of nerves 
endow the tongue with sensation and with the sense of taste, the ninth with’ 
mobility, and the eighth supply its base with sensation, and connect the 
motions of this organ with those of the pharynx and stomach. 
Pl. 129, fig. 27, dorsum or top of the tongue: *, foramen ccecum ; *’, fun- 
giform papille of the tongue; ** **, conical papillee ; , series of filiform 
papillz ; °, mucous gland of the base of the tongue; °°, folds of the mucous 
membrane to the epiglottis. 
Pl. 127, fig. 4, hyoid muscles of the right side: ', anterior; *, posterior 
belly of the digastric muscle; *, mylo-hyoid muscle; *, stylo-hyoid do. ; 
*, stylo-glossus muscle; °, stylo-pharyngeal do. ; ’, sterno-hyoid do. ; *, omo- 
hyoid muscle; °, thyro-hyoid muscle; *, sterno-hyoid muscle. 7g. 7, 
muscles of the tongue: ’, stylo-glossus; *, hyo-glossus; °, lingualis; *, lower 
892. 
4,4, 4,4 
