SPLANCHNOLOGY. 189 
smanent.teeth. Mig. 33, teeth of a grown man. Mg. 34, the posterior molar 
or wisdom teeth. 
4, THe Panate. The palate is composed anteriorly of the palatine pro- 
cesses of the superior maxillary and palatine bones, covered above by the 
mucous membrane of the nose, and below by the lining membrane of the 
mouth, This portion is the hard palate, and separates the mouth from the 
nose. Behind it is a membranous portion called the soft palate, which 
partially separates the mouth from the upper part of the pharynx. The 
portion of the lining membrane of the mouth which covers the hard palate 
has a hard cartilaginous feeling, and is not so sensitive as the other parts. 
It has a ridge in its centre just below the middle palatine suture, and from 
each side there are transverse ridges extending to the alveolar processes. 
This arrangement is more evident anteriorly. Beneath this membrane, 
especially at its posterior part, the muciparous glands are very abundant 
and close set. 
The soft palate, velum palats, is continuous with the posterior margin of 
the hard palate, and is stretched across the back part of the mouth from 
one side to the other and obliquely downwards and backwards. Its free 
inferior margin offers in its centre a projection about half an inch or more 
in length, and called the wuda. From each side of the latter there proceed 
two crescentic doublings of the lining membrane of the mouth called the 
lateral half arches of the palate. Of these the anterior is the more distinct. 
The tonsils are contained in the depression between these two duplicatures. 
The muscles of the palate are, first, the constrictor isthma faucium, arising 
from the middle of the soft palate, and inserted into the side of the tongue 
near its root. It tends to close the opening between the mouth and the 
pharynx. Second, the palato-pharyngeus, a small fasciculus within the 
duplicature forming the posterior lateral half arch. Extending between the 
soft palate and the pharynx, it serves to draw the former downwards. 
Third, the ercumflexus or tensor palatv behind the pterygoid process of the 
sphenoid bone. It spreads out or extends the palate. Fourth, the levator 
palatc on the inner side of the last. It arises from the point of the petrous 
bone, and attached to the soft palate, draws it upwards. Fifth, the azygos 
uvule, in the centre of the soft palate and of the uvula. It arises from the 
posterior pointed termination of the middle palatine suture, and serves to 
draw the uvula upwards, and to diminish the vertical breadth of the soft 
palate. 
Pl..127, jig. 5, muscles of the palate and posterior side of the pharynx: 
', levator palati; *, tensor palati; **, azygos uvule; *, glosso-palatine mus- 
cle; *, constrictor isthmi; °, posterior crico-arytenoid muscle; ’, transverse 
and oblique arytenoid muscles. Jig. 6, palatine muscles: *, external ptery- 
goid; *, levator palati; **, tensor palati; °, azygos uvule; °, upper end of 
the constrictor isthmi. ' 
5. GLANDS oF THE MouruH. The principal glands of the mouth are for 
the purpose of secreting saliva, a substance essential to the proper mastica- 
tion, deglutition, and digestion of food. They consist of the parotid, the 
submaxillary, and the sublingual. 
895 
