‘190 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
The parotid gland is the largest, and, like the rest, of a pink color. It 
fills up the cavity on the side of the head between the mastoid process and 
the ramus of the lower jaw, extending beyond the edge of the latter, so as 
to cover the posterior margin of the masseter muscle. It reaches vertically 
downwards from the zygoma above to the angle of the jaw below. It has 
no appropriate capsule, but is covered by the processes from the superficial 
fascia of the neck. Its duct, called the duct of Steno, traverses the outer 
face of the masseter muscle, in a line drawn from the lobe of the ear to the 
tip of the nose. It is about the size of a crow-quill, and perforates the pos- 
terior part of the buccinator muscle so as to have its oral orifice opposite 
the second large molar tooth of the upper jaw. A small accessory ati 1S 
sometimes found between this duct and the zygoma. 
The submaxillary gland is about one third the size of the parotid, and is 
‘so situated as to be bounded externally by the body of the lower jaw, 
superiorly by the mylo-hyoid muscle, and inferiorly by the tendon of the 
digastric. Its duct (ductus Whartonianus) terminates by a small projecting 
orifice on the anterior margin of the frenum of the tongue. 
The sublingual gland is an oblong body, visible on turning up the tongue, 
where it is seen as a projecting ridged substance on the under surface of 
the tongue. Instead of a single excretory duct, it has several, sometimes 
twenty. Occasionally, several of them are collected into one or two prin- 
cipal trunks (ductus Riviniant), which open either directly into the mouth 
-or into the duct of Wharton. The position of the salivary glands is such 
that they are pressed upon during mastication, by which means their 
salivary secretion is expressed. All consist of a congeries of smaller glands 
or lobes and lobules. The arteries which supply them are branches from 
the external carotid. Their nerves come from the fifth pair, and from the 
portio dura. 
The tonsils, or amygdala, situated one on each side, between the half 
arches of the palate, constitute a series of mucous glands of irregular figure. 
“They are very vascular, and secrete a viscid fluid, which serves to lubricate 
‘the food in its downward passage. 
Pl. 129, fig. 29, salivary glands: ’, sterno-cleido-mastoid; *, masseter 
muscle; *, parotid gland; *, accessory parotid; °, single glandules distri- 
‘buted about its duct near the end; °, genio-glossus; ’, mylo-hyoid ; *, exter- 
nal, °, internal portion of the submaxillary gland; *, ductus Whartoni; 
“, upper maxillary ganglion; ”, sublingual gland. 
6. THE PHARYNX is a large membranous cavity, placed between the 
cervical vertebrz and the posterior part of the nose and mouth. By means 
of numerous attachments on all sides, it is prevented from collapsing, and 
it is drawn up and down in the movements of the tongue and larynx. It 
consists of three coats, an external, formed by three muscles, the constric- 
tores pharyngis, inferior, medius, and superior; an intermediate pharyngeal 
aponeurosis; and the internal or lining mucous membrane. ‘This mucous 
‘membrane is continuous with that of the mouth, nares, and Eustachian tube, 
and is continued inferiorly as a lining to the larynx and trachea in front 
and to the cesophagus behind. It is studded with numerous mucous glands. 
896 
