200 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
returns again to the spine, forming the remarkable plaited process, the 
mesentery, *”*’. Inferlorly it covers the sigmoid flexure, *, and a portion 
of the rectum, **, forms duplicate folds, *, between the rectum and uterus, 
covers the uterus itself, **, and constitutes on each side the broad liga- 
ment, **°°, subdivided anteriorly into three smaller folds, containing the 
round ligament, the Fallopian tube, and.the ovary. It next passes to the 
posterior surface of the bladder, *, forms here a few folds, **, returns to 
the umbilicus, covers the umbilical vessels, **, and contributes, *, to the 
formation of the lateral ligaments of the bladder. Fig. 10, anterior view 
of the stomach, duodenum, and omentum majus; the posterior portion of 
the reflected liver is shown: *, stomach; *, lower border of the stomach; 
*, pyloric extremity ; *, cardiac do.; *, pylorus; °*,duodenum; ’, head of the 
pancreas; °°, portion of the large intestines; ”, portion of the omentum 
majus; ™, lower surface of the right lobe of the liver; ”, inferior vena 
eava; , left longitudinal fissure, with the obliterated umbilical vein; 
“, transverse furrow or porta, with the vessels; *, gall bladder and cystic 
duct, uniting with the hepatic duct into the ductus choledochus communis ; 
", trunk of the portal vein; *, hepatic artery; “, lobulus quadratus; 
* spigelian lobe; *, left lobe of the liver. Jg. 17, spleen: * *, furrow on 
the convex side; **, opening for vessels in the concave side. Fg. 18, 
biliary duct, gall bladder, and pancreas : *, duodenum ; ’, gall bladder opened; 
*, the small spiral folds of the neck; *, cystic duct; *, hepatic duct; °; com- 
mon duct; ', pancreas; *°, right extremity; °, pancreatic duct. 
VIII. URINARY ORGANS. 
As many substances are introduced into the system which are either 
unnecessary or injurious, some means must be devised to remove them from 
the blood, into which they have been carried, as well as to separate effete 
particles from the system itself. The skin and the lungs perform much of 
this office, but the greater share is to be attributed to the urinary apparatus. 
This consists of the two kidneys which secrete the urine; the two excretory 
ducts, the ureters, which convey the urine to the urinary bladder, a tempo- 
rary reservoir; finally, the urethra, which discharges it externally, and which 
in the male is common to both the urinary and the genital organs. 
1. THe Krpneys present the well known shape of the kidney bean, and 
are about four inches in length, two in breadth, and one in thickness. The 
external surface is smooth, and invested by a capsule, which is attached so 
loosely as to permit of being readily peeled off. A deep notch on the con- 
cave edge of the kidney serves for the passage of its vessels, and marks 
the hilum. The superior end of each kidney is surmounted by the supra- 
renal body. 
A vertical section of a kidney from the convex edge to the concave, will 
show it to consist of two entirely different substances, an external or vas- 
cular and an internal or membranous. The external vascular or cortical 
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