212 ‘ ANTHROPOLOGY. 
Bowen has proposed a mode of operating which he calls hyalonyxis 
(fig. 18); a curved needle, with the convexity anterior, is so introduced, 
about three or three and a half lines from the margin of the cornea, and one 
line beneath the transverse diameter, as to enter the vitreous hymor behind 
the lens and capsule; the posterior wall of the capsule is torn, the lens 
depressed in the vitreous humor, and the anterior wall of the capsule then 
torn in a similar manner. | 
3. CONTRACTION AND OBLITERATION OF THE PUPIL (Syninesis, Obturatio, 
Imperforatio, Phthisis pupillz, Atresia iridis). There are three methods by 
means of which an artificial pupil can be obtained: 1. By cutting the fibres 
of the iris (coretomia or iridotomia); 2. By cutting out a segment of the | 
iris (corectomia, tridectomia) ; 3. By destroying the connexion between iris 
and ciliary ligament (coredialysis, tridodialysis). Sometimes two methods are 
combined, for the sake of greater certainty. 
In iridotomy and iridectomy, an incision is first made in the cornea, 
through which the operator introduces a pair of very delicate scissors (pl. 
140, figs. 42, 48), which may be either straight or curved; these are to be 
opened, and one point to be inserted into the iris, and a section made run- 
ning towards the transverse diameter. A second section is so made as to 
include a V-shaped piece between the two (pl. 139, fig. 14). Owing to the 
not unfrequent junction of the iris at the edges of the insections, the second 
mode of operation was resorted to, that of iridectomy, in which a pupil was 
formed by cutting out a portion of the iris. This is conducted in a manner 
similar to the last processes; the piece there formed is taken up by fine for- 
ceps (pl. 140, figs. 44, 45, 46), and cut off with fine scissors. The hook- 
forceps (fig. 44) have been used to advantage in these and similar opera- 
tions, to insure a firm hold of the object to be grasped. 
6. Hare-Lipe. 
Hare-lip is a congenital malformation of the lip, an arrest in the develop- 
ment of it while the remaining portions of the system have advanced to 
proper perfection. It generally occurs alone, but frequently is found asso- 
ciated with a fissure of the palate. 
The first part of the operation consists in paring the edges of the lip, 
either with scissors or with the scalpel. 
In operating with the scissors (pl. 139, fig. 17), the lower corner of the 
fissure is grasped with the hand or a hook, the lip drawn downwards and 
outwards, the blunt edge of a tolerably strong pair of scissors is introduced 
between the jaw and the lip, and the borders of the incision are taken off at 
a single cut. The bent scissors represented in pl. 140, jig. 18, are most 
convenient for this purpose. After the cuts have been made on each side 
of the fissure, the second stage of the operation is to be carried out, consist- 
ing in the approximation of the wounded edges, which are retained by 
needles, but sometimes by adhesive plaster. 
The bloody suture (sutura cruenta) is effected in various ways. The 
918 
