214 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
just behind the tonsil, and, if necessary, the anterior pillar likewise; the 
wound in each part being about a quarter of an inch in extent. Lastly, 
stitches are introduced by means of a curved needle set in a handle, and the 
threads tied, so as to keep the edges accurately in contact (pil. 189, fig. 81). 
. 8. ODONTALGIA. 
Diseases of the teeth are so numerous and important, that their treatment 
constitutes a separate branch of surgery. We shall here only refer briefly 
to the principal instruments used in the extraction of teeth, usually the only 
method by which odontalgia, or tooth-ache, can be effectually cured. In 
the multiplicity of contrivances for extracting teeth under all possible cir- 
cumstances, we can find room for comparatively few. 
The first step in the extraction of teeth consists in cutting the gum around 
the neck of the one affected. Convenient instruments for this purpose are 
those invented by Cruce (pi. 140, figs. 69, 70). They consist of two handles 
with sharp bent extremities. Pare’s apparatus (fig. 71) is a steel rod, fast- 
ened into a handle, and with a spatulate bent end. 
For the extraction, we have first the parrot-beaked forceps (fig. 72), with 
a spring between the handles to keep them apart. J/g. 73 represents the 
large curved forceps for extracting canine and anterior molar teeth. Mor- 
tet’s forceps (jigs. 74, 75). 
Pl. 139, fig. 28, illustrates the mode of extracting a lower incisor by 
means of the forceps. 
Tle simple key (pl. 140, jig. 76 a b) consists of a steel stem, four and a 
half inches long, with a wooden or bone handle. Into an incision in the 
bent upper end, the hook, 0, is inserted and retained by a screw. 
The key with movable hooks ( fig. 77) is much like the preceding, except 
in having an offset, a, which receives the hook, 0, and is held by a screw. 
P1. 139, jig. 29, exhibits the method of extracting a back tooth by means 
ofakey. The stem of the instrument is usually wrapped with a handker- 
chief, to prevent contusion of the gums. 
9. ResToraTIon OF Lost Parts. 
(Chirurgia curtorum, Transplantatio, Merioplastice.) 
This art has been known for a long period of time. It depends upon the 
highly interesting physiological phenomenon, that parts of the body may be 
separated and transferred to another part, or even to an entirely different 
individual, and yet form a vital and persistent attachment. It is in cases 
of deficiency or malformation of parts of the face, that this art has been 
made use of with greatest success, and especially in the formation of a new 
nose, known as the Taliacotian or rhinoplastic operation. 
Restoration of the nose by means of a flap from the forehead. In the 
first place, a model corresponding to the face and stump of the nose is to 
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