SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY. 93 
Watchman, Erntehiiter. 
Sceptre of Brandenburg, Brandenburgisches Scepter. 
Honors of Frederick, Friedrichsehre. 
George’s Harp, Georgsharfe. 
Herschel’s Telescope, Herschel’s Teleskop. 
Balloon, Luftballon. 
Printing Press, Buchdruckerwerkstatt. 
Electric Machine, Electrisir Maschine. 
Log Line, Log Leine. 
Compasses, Zirkel. : 
Ruler and Square, Lineal und Winkelmaass. 
Telescope, Astronom. Fernrohr. 
Microscope, Mikroskop. . 
Table Mountain, Tafelberg. 
Level, Setzwage. 
There are consequently 106 constellations in the heavens, forty-eight old, 
and fifty-eight new. . 
Maps of the Stars; Planispheres ; Application of the Method of Align. 
ments in Learning the Stars and Constellations. 
14. For the sake of more readily learning the constellations and their par- 
ticular stars, as also for the more certain guidance of astronomers, those 
delineations on paper of the starry heavens known as celestial maps, or 
maps of the stars, have been invented. These maps comprehend either the 
two planispheres, as in pls. 12 and 18, and are then called planispheres, or 
they contain single parts of the heavens, and then together form an atlas. 
The celestial maps of Bayer, Doppelmayer, Goldbach, Flamsteed, Bode, 
Harding, Schwinck, Riedig, Argelander, and others, are well known. 
Besides the introduction of constellations, the ancients, particularly the 
Arabians, ascribed particular names to the brighter fixed stars, as, for 
instance, in Orion (pl. 12), Bellatrix and Betelgeux, Capella in Auriga, 
Altair in Aquila, Arcturus in Bootes. Castor and Pollux in Gemini, Marcad 
in Pegasus, &c., and in pl. 18, Rigel in Orion, Fomalhaut in Piscis Aus- 
tralis, Sirius in Canis Major, Antares in Scorpio, &c. Johann Bayer, 
however, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, introduced a much 
better and more complete assistant to the memory in recollecting and 
referring to the stars, by employing the letters of the Greek and Roman 
alphabets, which convenient notation has since been justly retained. It 
may be observed in the two charts of the stars, pls. 12, 13. 
A very easy means of finding and readily learning the most important 
stars and constellations is afforded by what is called the method of align- 
ments; this consists in having straight lines drawn in the chart (pls. 12, 18) 
connecting the single brighter stars, thus forming triangles and quadri- 
laterals, which are again reconstructed in the sky by imaginary lines drawn 
between these stars. This will be referred to hereafter. 
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