GEOGNOSY AND GEOLOGY, 191 
In Biloculina (B. opposita, pl. 39, fig. 46), the turns lie opposite to each 
other, and embrace in such a manner, that only two such turns are visible. 
Triloculina exhibits three such turns: T’. communis (figs. 47 and 48). Both 
are found in the calcaire grossier, as also Scutelle, very flat echini, of discoid 
shape: Laganum tenuissimum (figs.49 and 50). Of shells there are Voluta 
dubia (pl. 42, fig. 1), Dentalium striatum (fig. 2), Venericardia planicosta 
(fig. 3), Fusus bulbiformis (fig. 4), Emarginula reticulata (fig. 5), Turbo 
littoreus (fig. 6), Scalaria foliacea (fig. 7), Murex tubifer (fig. 8), Fusus 
conirarius (fig. 9), Cyprea avellana (fig. 10), Trochus agglutinans (fig. 
11), and Pleurotoma exorta (fig. 12). An immense number of fossil fishes 
is found in a local marl slate of the calcaire grossier on Monte-Bolca in 
Verona. They are all of extinct marine species, belonging to the Percoids, 
Chetodonts, Scomberoids, Clupeoids, Sparoids, and Aulostomes. The most 
peculiar fishes of the southern calcaire grossier are Acanthonemus 
filamentosus (pl. 40, fig. 1), Semiophorus velifer (fig. 2), and Aulostoma 
bolcense (fig. 3). ‘The reptiles closely resemble those of the present epoch; 
among them are crocodiles, lizards, snakes, frogs, &c. One of the most 
interesting is Andrias scheuchzert, whose skeleton, as exhibited in one 
specimen, is shown in pl. 41, fig. 24. It is a well known fossil, but derives 
its celebrity principally from the fact that Scheuchzer described it as a 
fossil man under the name of homo diluvii testis. It belongs to the 
Urodelian Batrachians, of which it is the largest known representative, and 
stands intermediate between the existing Menopoma of North America, and 
the Megalobatrachus of Japan. In the fresh water formation are found 
many articulata, as Coleoptera, Crustacea, Arachnida, &c. (jigs. 1-10. 
There are many genera and species of fossil mammalia. One of the most 
interesting forms is that of Dinotherium. Its true place in the zoological 
system is not well ascertained, some naturalists ranking it with the 
herbivorous cetacea, others among the mastodons. — It formed one of the 
largest of all terrestrial mammalia; D. giganteum (pl. 41, fig. 29). The 
most gigantic of all ruminantia is exhibited in the Sivatherium (S. 
giganteum, pl. 40, fig. 13), whose remains have been found in the 
Himalayas. The head equalled in size that of the elephant, while the 
elongation of the nasal bones indicates the existence of a trunk o1 
proboscis. On the forehead stood two short thick horns. 
Paleotherium, a link connecting the rhinoceros and tapir, is an interesting 
form from the calcaire grossier. Several species have been distinguished, 
the largest equal in height to the horse, although rather stouter (P. magnum, 
pl. 40, fig. 18¢ and 18). Anoplotherium was not far removed from the 
latter, whose remains, associated together, are found in the Paris calcaire 
grossier. It gives no indication of having had an elongated snout. Its 
formula of dentition is the same as in Paleotherium, with this difference, 
that the teeth form a continuous series without any interruption, &c. A. 
gracile (pl. 41, fig. 27). They attained the size of an ass, had a long, 
thick tail, and were more slightly built than the Paleotheria. 
The genus Rhinoceros is found only in the upper tertiary beds. Perfectly 
well preserved specimens have been found in the ice of Siberia, under 
621 
