155 



Leaves single— Continued. 



Leaves rather thick and stiff, on stout branches ; cones erect, scales deciduous : 

 Firs : 

 With a delicately-pointed bract attached to the hack and extending 



beyond the end of each scale 13 



With bracts not extending beyond the ends of the scales : 

 Cones cylindrical, slender (2 to over 5 inches long) ; leaves 1 to 1^ 

 inches long, glossy, and with white lines on 



underside 15 



Cones broadly ovate stout (2f to 5 inches long) ; leaves 1 to 3 inches 



long, pale green 16 



Cones narrowly ovate (2 to 3 inches long) : 

 Leaves broad, thick, dense, acutely j^oiuted, and attached by a broad 



base 14 



Scattered (but somewhat 2-ranked) on the branches, thin, very concave on 



the underside ; with a sharp ridge or keel on 

 the upper side, and tapering suddenly to a 



short needle-point : Yew 27 



Leaves scale-like, 2 opposite, overlapping (sometimes 3 in a whorl) on the 



branchlets : 

 Leaves {scales) hJmit or only slightly acute ; fruit a cone ; heart-wood 



chiefly brownish : Cedars, etc. : 

 Foraiing rather long flat branchlets ; cones ovate, made up of a few loose 



scales 22 



Forming short 4-angled branchlets; cones ball-like, made up of a few 



scales, each with a hooked protuberance 23 



Leaves (scales) needle-pointed, or at least sharp-pointed ;. fruit a berry, or nut- 

 like; heart-wood chiefly reddish : Junipers: 

 Forming 4-angled branchlets: 



Foliage whitish; fruit large, i an inch in diameter 24 



Foliage whitish, but with smaller fruit, ^ of an inch in diameter 25 



Foliage glossy green (or tawny in winter) ; fruit less than ^ of an inch 



in diameter, with scale-like points 26 



BROAD-LEAVED TREES. 



Leaves simple; i- e., the blade of one piece and not more modified than by 



iobes or teeth. 

 A. — Leaves set alternatelii^ on the branches. 

 Branches armed : 



a. With true thorns ; fruit apple-like (not in size) : Hawthorns: 



L^caves smooth, or with few hairs only on the veins; fruit blackish 53 



Or with a few hairs generally distributed over the upper surface ; 



f rui fc black-purple 54 



Leaves downy (sometimes smooth) above; fruit red-orange 55 



I). With thorn-like branchlets; fruit berry-like or a plum : 

 L^eaves small, ^ to f of an inch long ; fruit berry-like, witb scanty flesh, 



with a beak : Buckthorn 29 



Leaves much larger and longer; fruit a plum, fleshy, without a beak: 

 Plums : 



Leaves 1^ to 2 inches long 43 



Leaves 2 to 3 inches long , 42 



