6 LIME-SULPHUR PREPARATIONS FOR APPLE DISEASES. 
other similar situations may therefore be successfully sprayed with a 
weak fungicide which wil control the leaf-spot, sooty fungus, and 
slight scab infections without injury to the fruit or foliage. The 
York Imperial is another variety which has no serious disease of the 
fruit, and in addition it is not subject to Bordeaux russet, so common 
on the Ben Davis, but the foliage is susceptible to leaf-spot and is 
often badly injured by applications of Bordeaux mixture, so that it 
is desirable to spray this variety also with a less caustic mixture. 
On the other hand, the Yellow Newtown® is seriously subject to 
the attacks of bitter-rot and must be treated with a strong fungicide, 
such as Bordeaux mixture, for the control of this disease. The fruit 
of this variety is susceptible to Bordeaux injury, but since such injury 
is produced only by the early applications of the mixture the treat- 
ment may be so planned as to avoid it. One of the lime-sulphur 
sprays may be used for the first and second sprayings after the petals 
fall and Bordeaux mixture for the bitter-rot treatments which come 
later in the season. These are some of the finer points to be consid- 
ered in connection with spraying, and the orchardist who gives them 
due consideration will obtain the best results in the production of 
good fruit. 
VIRGINIA SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS. 
In Virginia during the season of 1909 the writer, with the assist- 
ance of Mr. Leslie Pierce, conducted experiments with various lime- 
sulphur preparations in comparison with Bordeaux mixture for the 
control of apple diseases. The experiments were made on the Yel- 
low Newtown, at Crozet; the Winesap, York Imperial, and Ben Davis, 
at Fishersville; and the York Imperial and Ben Davis, at Mount 
Jackson. 
The self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture, the home-boiled lime-sul- 
phur solution, and the commercial lime-sulphur solution, as well 
as Bordeaux mixture, were used. The self-boiled mixture was used 
in two strengths, 8-8—50° and 10-10-50 and the home-boiled solu- 
tion at a strength of 5 pounds of sulphur and 24 pounds of lime 
to 50 gallons of water, made by boiling the lime and the sulphur 
with a small quantity of water over a fire for forty-five minutes. 
The latter is essentially of the same composition as the concentrated 
lime-sulphur solution which Prof. John P. Stewart* described and 
which, according to him, can be kept indefinitely. The commercial 
lime-sulphur solution was used at the rates of 13, 17, 2, and 24 gal- 

a Synonym of Albemarle Pippin. 
b Whenever formulas for lime-sulphur mixture are mentioned in this paper the first 
number shows the number of pounds of lime used, the second the number of pounds 
of sulphur, and the last the number of gallons of water. 
¢ Bulletin 92, Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. 1909. 
[ Cir. 54] 

