saw-timber volume but less than the minimum required for 
saw-timber stands. 
Reproduction—Stands too young to classify as cordwood, 
but with at least 80 well-distributed seedlings per acre. 
Clear-cut—Cut-over areas having insufficient young growth- 
to qualify either as cordwood or reproduction. 
Volume Estimates 
Board-foot volume—Includes only the saw-timber portion 
of saw-timber trees. Top diameters vary with the limits of 
Deductions are made for woods cull and 
for loss in sawing at the mill. 
usable material. 
Cord volume—This volume (including bark) includes the 
following at all times: 
1. The sawlog portion of saw-timber trees. 
2. The upper stems of saw-timber softwoods to a 
minimum diameter of 4 inches outside bark. 
3. The full stem of cordwood trees at least 5 inches 
d. b. h. to a variable top diameter of at least 4 inches out- 
side bark. 
In certain tables (see footnotes) the following additional 
wood is included: 
1. The sound wood in cull trees. 
2. The upper stems and limbs of saw-timber hard- 
woods and cypress to a minimum diameter of 4 inches 
outside bark. 
Deductions for cull include only the volume in defects which 
cause the material to be unsuited for cordwood. Sweep and 
slight crook are not regarded as defects. 
Cubic-foot volume—This volume includes the same ma- 
terial as the cord volume excepting the bark. 
International 44-inch rule—This rule was used for obtain- 
p 
ce 
the small end of the section. Taper allowance=¥ inch per 
4 linear feet. 
Standard cord—The equivalent of a stack of round or split. 
wood measuring 4 by 4 by 8 feet. The solid content of wood 
and bark varies with the diameter and form of the individual 
pieces; for softwoods it averages about 90 cubic feet, for 
hardwoods about 80 cubic feet. 
Growth and Drain 
Growing stock—The sum of the volumes of all sound trees 
5 inches d. b. h. and larger. Dead and cull trees and tops 
and limbs of hardwoods and cypress are not included. 
Gross increment—The gross volume of wood produced on 
the growing stock in a given period—usually one year—with- 
out correction for losses by mortality and deterioration. 
Mortality—The volume lost from the growing stock by the 
death or destruction of individual trees through such natural 
causes as fire, tree competition, insects, disease, and wind. 
Net increment—Gross increment minus mortality. 
Saw-timber or board-foot increment—The net increment 
on the saw-timber portion of saw-timber trees, plus the saw- 
timber volume in sound trees reaching saw-timber size. 
Net increment of the total stand—The net increment on 
all sound trees 5 inches d. b. h. and larger, with the exception 
of the upper stems and tops of saw-timber hardwoods, plus 
the sound-tree volume of all trees reaching 5 inches d. b. h. 
during the increment period. 
Commodity drain—The sound-tree growing stock removed 
from the forest, the sound usable material left in felled tops, 
and trees destroyed in logging. 
Board-foot drain—Commodity drain of sound sawlogs. 
Cordwood drain—Commodity drain, measured in cords, 
from all sound trees 5 inches d. b. h. or larger, except the tops 
and limbs of hardwoods and cypress. Bark volume is in- 
ing the board-foot volume of logs, and was derived from the cluded. 
formula: V=(0.22D °—0.71D) X0.905 for a 4-foot section, Cubic-foot drain—lIdentical with cordwood drain, except 
where V=volume in board feet and D=diameter in inches at that bark volume is excluded. ° 
Species SOFTWOODS 
Lumber or trade name 
Gedar rede eee s ao eee, 
Atlantic white-cedar.... 
Gedan-wihiter to in ee : 
Z Northern white-cedar.. . 
Baldceypress-=-2- 2 ee 
Cy pness ste ete yP 
Pondcypresse ae. eee 
Mirseastenneeynier cin: ait Eraserchitge sue ance sue senee 
Hleml ockewarete nee ee 
Pine, southern yellow... ... 
Wireimniay pine) nts cee 
Pine; swihkteres ae secant: 
Spruceeastenms sso. 
58 
Recognized common name 
Mastenm ered Ce clair ews isha ee creer 
Basternhemlockw 4). eee os 
(Carolina hemlocks so 7 2. ae 
oblolly wine ses ee ee 
Iongleat. pines <2. 
Pitchy pines eee 
Ronde pine sss ve nanee ease 
Shortleatpimetn risen 
Table-Mountain pine... 
Basternswihtte spines cra tats sacs eae 
IRedispruce®. soi) antes: 
Botanical name 
Juniperus virginiana. 
Chamaecyparis thyoides. 
Thuja occidentalis. 
Taxodium distichum. 
T. ascendens. 
Abtes frasert. 
Tsuga canadensis. 
T. caroliniana. 
Pinus taeda. 
P. palustris. 
P. rigida. 
P. rigida var. serotina. 
P. echinata. 
P. pungens. 
P. virginiana. 
P. strobus. 
Picea rubens. 
Miscellaneous Publication 681, U. S. Department of Agriculture 
) 
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