In the case of the volume in upper stems (and in 
limbs of hardwoods), there was also a heavy predomi- 
nance of hardwoods. Hardwood tops and limbs are 
rarely utilized, whereas pine tops can be readily used 
for pulp and fuel wood and a longer portion of the 
main stem is used for lumber. Utilization of hard- 
wood tops and limbs is one of the yet unsolved prob- 
lems in decreasing woods waste, but recent pulping and 
chemical developments may open the way to utilize 
profitably a much larger portion of this material than 
at present. A somewhat similar problem is raised by 
the sound-wood volume in cull hardwoods. As noted 
previously, 90 percent, 26 million cords, of the total live 
volume in cull trees was hardwood. ‘The bulk of the 
hardwood volume in culls, moreover, was in the oaks, 
hickories, and scrub hardwoods, which have been little 
used for pulpwood. Here is a major problem in utili- 
zation and stand improvement, the solution of which 
__ is difficult to envisage. Greater use of sound wood in 
cull hardwoods for fuel wood, tobacco wood, mine 
props, pulpwood, and any other use for which a market 
is available is silviculturally desirable. 
Comparison of the cord volumes by diameter classes 
for the four most abundant species reveals the great 
predominance of volume in small trees (fig. 34, table 
10). Only 38 percent of the volume in loblolly pine, 
18 percent of that in shortleaf pine, 35 percent of the 
white oak volume, and 45 percent of that in yellow- 
poplar was in trees more than 13 inches d.b.h. These 
four species were not particularly selected to illustrate 
a bad situation. For all species, the distribution 
showed only 34 percent of the volume to be in trees 
more than 13 inches d.b.h. If this distribution of vol- 
ume remains substantially unchanged in the future, 
high-quality lumber cannot be produced in anything 
like the amount which has flowed from Virginia’s 
forests in the past. Continued overcutting of large 
trees and the practice of “high-grading” will further 
TaBLe 10.—WNet volume in cords by species and diameter class, 1940} 
es aE ek Ny 
Diameter class 
Species Total 
6-8 inches | 10-12 inches | 14-18 inches | 20+ inches 
Softwoods: M cords M cords M cords M cords M cords Percent 
TEGBlollya pine aaa eat aene so as Sauces Ue Ute eu Renee Cat 7, 322.8 10, 193.4 8,558.4 | 2,222.3 | 28, 296.9 19. 3 
Short learte pine seecses ses ae tee a cae oat a Pee Ee 7, 439.1 6, 908. 3 2, 654.1 | 419.3 17, 420.8 11.9 
Whig iver ite eke SS a ee eee Se ee 6, 069. 3 4,018.5 1, 214. 4 45.0 11, 347.2 77, 
Wihit cup me se sean spec en ap ae mile eaten ne oye OMe en 304.9 392.6 428.5 305.2 1, 431.2 1.0 
fern) oc kee eee eet ee EL Go ee em ee 105.8 134.8 224.8 319.9 785.3 OG) 
Ted Ged arate teenies en si Meneame ie ramen ee ue om hon eas 262.2 80.5 18.9 1.8 363.4 | 59) 
WWihite-ced arses aan wena aneh ae tty be ee Te ese e ona 5.4 22.2 77.0 65.5 170.1 mal: 
(Chon a a a a ee ee 100.2 155.3 207.3 118.4 581.2 <4 
OT ay Sa EI CE ed im Neg a ee a 21, 609.7 21, 905.6 13, 383.4 3, 497.4 60, 396. 1 41.1 
Hardwoods: 
Teneletariey ae st Cae ee SS oe ee eee ea eee 1,065.8 1,073.8 727.2 348.8 3,215.6 DEF 
Blackguma= sss se saa eee I SE oe a 1, 043.2 1, 649.8 1535292. 895.0 5,117.2 3.5 
Sweets rm haere eres nye er Sere aes Bee ee na Se Slalom a 2, 310.0 2, 756.4 1,817.7 652.6 7, 536.7 5.1 
Wale aeloy epee eae Se ee a ee ee 21953 3, 350.4 3, 167.2 1, 766. 3 11, 079.2 75 
INorthernzre dso ake meee sees trips Ny es Se ee ee ne ee ee 754.1 1,071.8 1, 165.0 1,493.7 4,484.6 3.1 
@ tre race deca icc eens ee est ep a SS ee eee ee 4, 252.6 4, 934.6 3, 078.0 1,721.4 13, 986.6 9.5 
\ynieas Gplen Sa AE Se a 4, 201.5 5, 374.4 2, 860.5 2, 343.4 14, 779.8 10.1 
@hrestmu Vio a ener aera Se ene Sea eee yee ee pis Ss a, 2, 142.7 2, 669. 3 1, 845.7 1, 701.4 8,359.1 5.7 
@then-wihiteroa ksemeeswate ote eee ae SAE See ee oe 541.0 691.9 244.2 93.1 1, 570.2 1.1 
Br, cease eo ey ee Se ae a ee ean ae VSS) 123.1 65.9 34.7 319.2 .2 ? 
TESS OY ee ye 223.0 392; 460.2 301.5 1, 375.9 9 sf 
Hickory Sis: seer one nese en ee ao ne eee 4, S7ON 1 |. 2511756 1, 389.1 573.5 5, 650.3 3.8 : 
Cherny sewal nut eee een on ae ee eee eee woes esa 72.0 105.0 84.8 44.7 306.5 aD 
Suiparsniaplesenen ders ps series bY oe ee Ne eee eae 80.6 78.9 112.2 147.0 418.7 a3 
LNG sg BSN a eS ee 545.1 519.9 341.3 119.9 1, 526.2 1.0 zs 
ID Yop terol eB ae a ee 723.7 329.2 99.0 8.1 1, 160.0 18 
TEM she yeti SR a a I ee 515.5 366.5 166.7 47.3 1, 096.0 8 
Other merchantable hardwoods -~---------------------------------------- uf 159.6 1 541.8 1, 190. 5 683.1 4, 575.0 3.1 
Bay Fe | eee a a glen eet | SIRI Sok i SA a re ce ee eee es ae 24, 091. 3 29, 145.6 20, 344.4 12,975.5 86, 556.8 58.9 
IIIc yates a Rees Ge eee 45,701.0| 51,051.2 | 33,727.8| 16,472.9| 146, 952.9\| 100. 0 
Dea dachestn nies eee en wnt st et RoE Rie Sena aa ee a eae 1, 043.7 1, 847.3 2, 496. 1 3, 142-7 BriS7 OO matic ere i 
All species_____----_-------_---------------------------------------- 46, 744.7 52, 898.5 36, 223.9 19, 615.6 | 15S S48 2702) ee Ss eas Bs $ 
1 This table differs from table 9 in that the volume contained in cull trees and upper stems and limbs of hardwood and cypress saw timber is not included. As in 
table 9, however, volume is State average for year. See footnote to table 9. 
Virginia Forest Resources and Industries 97 
