No. 430.] NOTES AND LITERATURE. 821 
these corals formed banks up to forty or fifty fathoms, at which 
height the true reef-building corals were able to attach themselves. In 
time they gained the supremacy and built up the reef to near the sur- 
face. A lagoon was formed in the center of the reef partly by the 
more rapid growth of the organisms on the edge of the bank and 
partly by the subsequent solution of the central parts. This article 
is well illustrated by charts and diagrams. CRD. 
Jordan and Heath’s ‘Animal Forms.” ! — This “second book of 
zoölogy ” is the companion volume of the already well-known Anima/ 
Life by Jordan and Kellogg, and the two books may be obtained 
separately or bound together in one volume with the title Animals. 
Whereas the first volume, Animal Life, dealt with animal ecology, 
the second book gives an elementary account of animal morphology. 
The introductory chapters deal with the differences between animals 
and plants, the characteristics of an animal as exemplified by a mam- 
mal, and the cell and protoplasm. Then follows an examination of 
typical representatives of the great groups, from the simplest to the 
most complex. While animals are here considered primarily from 
the morphological viewpoint, considerable attention is given to 
functions of organs and to habits and life histories. 
Animal Life was designed for the first half year in zoology in the 
high school, and Animal Forms to complete a full year’s work. 
However, Animal Forms may be used alone or as the first book. 
With regard to the adaptability of the book to the conditions 
obtaining in secondary schools, Animal Forms and its companion 
volume are unquestionably the best existing books for supplementary 
reading for the high-school beginners ; but as a žastis for an elementary 
course they are far from practicable, for it will be difficult to follow 
either book in close correlation with laboratory study. In spite of 
the authors’ emphasis upon “a basis of observation," there has 
already been manifested in the use of Animal Life in some schools 
a tendency to drift backward towards the old-time recitation method. 
The informational side of zoólogical teaching must not be allowed 
to displace scientific training, and a definite laboratory course, and 
not a text-book, must give the foundation, to which may be added 
supplemental and closely correlated reading. As sources for such 
collateral information from which high-school teachers may select 
topics relating to the laboratory study, Animal Forms and Animal 
1 Jordan, David Starr, and Heath, Harold. New York, Appleton, 1902. 8vo, 
vi + 258 pp., 140 figs. 
