1890.] Relations between the Hills and Plains of Northern India. 



Names of pairs of 

 stations. 



a 



CQ 



o 



£3 



=H . 



a 



o a 



d 



<*> .2 





g -3 





a c« 







a 



CQ 



o 



a 



Mean maximum tem- 

 perature for January. 



Hill 

 station. 



Plain 

 station. 



g 5 



a & 



cS 9 



° 0) 



g ■» . 



M ^ - 



o 

 a 



?„ M 



bo c 



c^ c © 





" O J3 * 

 grid JO 



3 ® 2 



c3 -^ o i— i 



Quetta 



Jacobabad 



Murree 



Rawalpindi 



Simla 



Ludhiana 



Chakrata 



Roorkee 



Ranikhet 



Bareilly 



Dhubri 



Darjeeling 



Deesa 



Mount Abu 



Paohmarhi 



Hoshangabad 



5300 



163 



4700 



30 



6200 



80 



6200 



58 



5500 



90 



7300 



116 



3500 



40 



2500 



48 



51-6° 

 47-8° 

 51-2° 

 501° 

 540° 

 44-3° 

 671° 

 70-6° 



73-3° 

 63'3° 

 67-6° 

 69 4° 

 701° 

 73-4° 

 82'2° 

 80-1° 



21-7° 



155° 



164° 



193° 



161° 



291° 



151° 



9 5° 



41° 

 33° 



2-7° 

 31° 

 2 9° 

 4-0° 

 4 3° 

 38° 



A full description of these observatories and of the more important 

 local peculiarities of exposure will be found in Mr. Blanford's Report on 

 the Meteorology of India for 1885. It will suffice here to point out 

 that both Ranikhet and Simla are situated at some distance within the 

 first line of hills, whereas Murree and Chakrata are practically on the 

 crest of the first line of elevations overlooking the plains. Assuming these 

 as more typical of the relations between hills and plains, the preceding 

 data shew that in Upper India the temperature near the hills decreases 

 vertically with elevation at the hottest time of the day in the month of 

 January very nearly 3° in 1000 feet up to a height of 7000 feet^at least. 

 The remarkably low day temperature at Darjeeling during this period as 

 shewn by the table appears to be due to the following causes, of which 

 the first is probably the most influential. 



1st. — The great humidity and large amount of fog at that station 

 (as in the Eastern Himalayan districts generally) in January, in 

 which respects it contrasts strikingly with the hill stations of 

 Upper India, where the air is, except in stormy weather, very 

 dry and clear. 

 2nd. — The contiguity of the immense snow mass of Kanchinjunga 

 and neighbouring mountains, which include some of the highest 

 peaks in the Himalayas. This area embraces an enormous ex- 

 tent of snow covered ground, the southern edge of which (in 

 summer) is at a distance as the crow flies of not more than 30 



