Bitver Kir. 461m mmNNk 
Leaves deep green above, whitish beneath, notolied 
at the tips on the lower branches, and deeply grooved. 
A peculiar twist brings the needles in a brushlike mass 
on the upper sides of the branches. As the top of 
the tree is approached the needles become shorter and 
sharper. Cones bluish tinned. 4 to 5 inches long, 
standing erect on the branches, scales falling when 
mature. Bark smooth, gray, characteristically splotched 
with white. Wood soft, occasionally used for interior 
finish in Washington and Oregon, where it grows more 
abundantly than in Alaska. 
Silver, or amabilis (beautiful) fir is found in Alaska 
only from sea level to elevations of 1,000 feet in the 
region of Boca de Quadra and to some extent on 
Portland Canal. It occurs on well-drained lower slopes 
of canyons, benches, and flats. 
Western Red Cedar. Thuja plicata. 
Leaves made up of small scales arranged on tiny 
branchlets which compose flat, fanlike sprays, glossy 
above, dull below. The smooth, rounded leaflets 
differ from the more prickly Alaska cedar leaflets. 
Cones about one-half inch long, brown and tough. 
Bark in youth gray brown, thin and stringy, becoming 
thick and ridged with age. The inner bark can be 
peeled into long thin strips, which have been used by 
the Indians for basket making. Wood very durable, 
light . soft, and brittle, with an aromatic odor. Western 
red cedar is used for shingles, boat lumber, piling, and 
lish-trap floats. 
Western rod cedar is characterized by a conical 
trunk and brandies curving upward at the tips. It is 
found in Alaska from sea level to ."'..OOO feet on the west 
slopes of the coast range, and north in decreasing 
amounts to approximately 57°. 
IS 
