p 1907.] Facial Characters of the Neandertal Race. 29 
eal 
without any sudden change of flexure, that is, there is no nasal notch, such as 
occursin the Australians. | 
The orbit, as in all skulls of the Neandertal race, is distinguished by its exces- 
sive height above a line drawn from the nasion to the middle of the fronto- 
‘zygomatic suture: in a low South Australian skull this height amounts 
to between 8 and 10 mm., in the Gibraltar skull to between 12 and 14 mm., 
and in the Neandertal calotte to between 19 and 20 mm. A further 
character of the orbits is the absence of a well-defined lower margin. 
The absence of a canine fossa has been remarked upon by Huxley. 
In the absence of the prosphenion and ephippium, the sphenethmoidal 
angle has been measured from the limbus sphenoidalis by a line drawn to the 
erista galli on the one hand and the basion on the other: it exceeds the 
corresponding angle of the lowest known South Australian skull, similarly 
measured, by 16° 30’. 
The palate is parallel-sided and very dolicho-uranic. The thickness of the 
frontal bone, measured on one side of the crista gall, is 24 mm. The 
prognathism of the upper jaw, in whatever way it is measured, is extremely 
small, so that according to existing nomenclature the skull would be classed 
as orthognathous. 
The cranial capacity is estimated as 1250 c.c., and thus makes a close 
approach to that of the Neandertal calotte. The average capacity of South 
Australian skulls is very similar, but ranges from 1460 to 1100 cc. If the 
calotte of Pithecanthropus represents the mean of a similarly variable race, 
then the extreme forms of such a race would almost completely bridge over 
the hiatus between man and the higher apes. 
