KILAUEA, HAWAIL 185 
lavas of Kilauea to the surface, of which we have definite account, 
occurred in the east wall of the crater. A deep fissure was opened in 
the wall, from which streams flowed out, part back into Kilauea down 
the steep slope, and part across into the “ Old Crater,’ which at the 
time was overgrown with wood. It is important to trace out, as far 
as we are able, the changes which preceded it. 
a. The first published account of the crater subsequent to Ellis’s, 
is that of the Rev. C. S. Stewart, who visited it in the summer of 
1825.* He states that it was nearly in the condition represented by 
Ellis in 1823. ‘The bottom was several hundred feet below the level 
of the black ledge. Fifty-six conical craters were counted, and the 
action was violent and noisy. A plan of the crater at this time, by 
Lieutenant Malden, is given by Byron. ‘The black ledge is repre- 
sented as very much narrower than at present, so that the lower pit 
occupied nearly the whole width of the crater ; the height of the ledge 
is stated at four hundred feet. The plan represents numerous cones 
over the bottom, and the two largest occupy together the whole trans- 
verse diameter of the bottom, which would give for each a diameter 
of three thousand feet or more at base. 
6. In December of the same year, Rev. A. Bishop observed that the 
crater had filled up much since the visit he made with Mr. Ellis, and 
he estimated the amount of change at four hundred feet. There 
were a great number of cones “ fifty to one hundred feet high,’’ be- 
sides lakes boiling with great agitation, ‘ every now and then sending 
forth a gust of vapour and smoke, with great noise.” He adds, “ the 
natives remarked that after rising a little higher the lava will dis- 
* Journal of a Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, and residence at the Sandwich Islands, in 
the years 1822-1825, by C.S. Stewart ; 12mo. 1828. New York.—p. 355. 
Tt A reduced copy of Lieutenant Malden’s plan is annexed, as it will give increased in- 
terest to the facts observed by the Expedition. 
A, is a precipice of eighty feet; B, another 
of one hundred and fifty feet; C, Byron’s en- 
campment; E, the point on the black ledge 
where they descended to the bottom; 1, the 
crater in action visited by Lord Byron; 2, a 
sulphur cone; 3, crater that broke out at the i 
time of the visit, 29th of June; 4, crater bril- 
liantly in action; 5, the largest crater; 6, a 
deep fissure ; 7, deepest and most precipitous part 
of crater. The whole crater is not represented. 
47 
