212 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
miles, three or more pit-craters of remarkable dimensions. The first 
of these four is properly the second in the line from Kilauea, and we 
thus number it. This second one is little more than half a mile from 
the first. Dr. Pickering estimated its diameter at one-fourth of a mile, 
and its depth at eight hundred feet ; it was somewhat oval from east to 
west. ‘The cloud over Kilauea bore from it west-by-south. ‘There 
was much steam issuing from the northeast wall of this crater, and 
also from the plain beyond. The ¢herd pit-crater was a mile to a mile 
and a half beyond the second. It was nearly circular, and the dia- 
meter was about the same as the preceding, with a depth estimated at 
six hundred feet. 
The fourth and fifth pit-craters were also visited by Dr. Pickering. 
The intermediate space between the third and fourth was not exa- 
mined, and it is not certain that there may not be one or two in this 
space. The fourth, called Varerau Kamwaiki, was estimated to be half 
a mile by three quarters in its diameters. It was thus oblong, and at 
centre was about one thousand feet deep. The ends of this oblong 
crater were less deep, over a large area, than the central circular por- 
tion, there being a kind of shelf on the east and west sides. At the 
east end, the pit was quite shallow, while at the west, it was nearly as 
deep as the centre. The /ifth crater is a circular pit, and is called 
Arare-tki, or Little Arare. 
The s¢zth is nearly circular, three-fourths of a mile in diameter, and 
about 1200 feet deep. It is called by the natives Arare-nui, and is the 
scene of the first outbreak of lavas at the eruption of 1840. There is 
something of a shelf on the west side. ‘The seventh, called “ The Deep 
Crater,” was estimated by Dr. Pickering to be 1500 or 2000 feet in 
depth, exceeding much the depth of Kilauea; it is nearly a mile in 
diameter, and is bordered on the southeast by a depressed plain or 
shelf of a D shape, and as extensive as the area of the pit. The depth 
over this plain is about half that of the central pit. The ezghth pit- 
crater, called the “ Afw” or “ Big Crater’ is a mile and a half in dia- 
meter, quite regularly circular in form, but not so deep as the pre- 
ceding. 
These pit-craters, as it appears, are all remarkable for their depth 
as compared with their diameter, their nearly circular form, and the 
absence of any elevation about them, as well as of all decided evidence 
that they have ever overflowed their summit or brim. ‘The whole 
series forms an arched line, and they increase in diameter almost 
regularly from the first to the last. 
