MOUNT HUALALAIL HAWAIL 215 
of material from the igneous rocks of the mountain. In the gorges 
which intersect the eastern and northeastern foot, the rocks appear in 
a succession of layers, with a very gradual dip. Just below the falls 
of the Wailuku, near Hilo, there is a compact graystone or gray 
basalt, which occurs in nearly regular prisms. Some of the prisms 
are eight feet in diameter; but they are mostly surmounted by others 
of smaller size, one to four feet in diameter. The rock is very light- 
coloured, and contains some chrysolite; it is compact, rarely showing 
a cellule. The bluff near the falls consists of an upper layer of com- 
pact basalt, nearly 100 feet thick, and in some parts having a colum- 
nar structure; below this there are twenty feet, consisting of a few 
layers of basalt, which are not columnar. 
This mountain is an interesting example of a volcano closing its 
terminal crater by its own action, and finally dying out at summit in 
cinders or scoria eruptions. Very similar was the condition of Vesuvius 
in 1834, when visited by the writer; there was a summit plain and a 
cinder cone, and no deep gulf, such as previous and later authors have 
described: and had the mountain then died out, there would have 
been no evidence that a crater beyond that of the cinder cone had 
ever existed. 
ce. Mount Hualalai. 
Hualalai, the western mountain-cone of Hawai, is 10,000 feet in 
height. Its slopes rise from the coast near the village of Kailua. 
The surface has some resemblance to that of Mount Loa, and its 
parasitic craters are very numerous. ‘lhe crater is said to smoke 
occasionally atthe present time. In the year 1801 there was an erup- 
tion, witnessed by Turnbull, which flowed westward to the sea, and 
formed the present line of coast, filling up a bay of considerable extent. 
The crater of Hualalai was visited by Menzies. 
At Kailua there is a warm cavern, in which Glauber salt is formed 
in large quantities. It arises obviously from the action of the sul- 
phur gases on the sea-water. There are also warm springs at 
Kowaihae, farther to the north, on the same coast. They are covered 
at high tide by the sea. Both of these places are probably connected 
with the fires of Hualalai. 
In concluding our remarks for the present on Hawaii, we may draw 
attention again to the striking fact that this island is the result of the 
