KAHOOLAWE, LANAI, MOLOKAT. 231 
In some places Dr. C. Pickering found the sand penetrated by 
tubular concretions, standing upright or variously bent, consisting of 
sand compactly cemented. They “look as if formed by large Anne- 
lids; but the interior surface was too irregular to be other than the 
result of mineral concretion.”’ The exterior is also quite rough. ‘They 
occur at an elevation of fifty to one hundred feet above the sea. 
West Maui.—The general features of West Maui are much lke 
those of Madeira, the valleys being deep, the declivities very abrupt, 
and the ridges sharp and broken. Every portion bears evidence that 
the fires long ages since ceased their action, and left the land to the 
wearing action of running water and decomposition. ‘There are high 
cliffs on some parts of the northern coast, but in general the sea is 
bordered by low land. Lahaina on the west shore is situated upon a 
plain, half to three-fourths of a mile wide, and beyond it there are 
mountains “gloomy with ravines and frightful precipices of black 
rock and lava.’’ Some small lateral cones occur on the declivities, 
one of which stands just back of Lahaina-luna. But there is no great 
central crater, and none of its peaks are of this nature. 
The rocks consist of compact and cellular basalt or basaltic lavas, 
besides the feldspathic clinkstone. On the northeast shore there are 
cliffs of conglomerate three or four hundred feet high; and along the 
pass through the mountains Dr. Pickering observed this conglomerate 
2000 feet above the sea, consisting of half-rounded fragments. 
Coral borders the shore on some parts of West Maui, though the 
reefs are not as extensive as on Oahu. It is also said to be found at 
a height of 500 or even 800 feet above the sea. It is described by Rev. 
Mr. Andrews as occurring adhering to the rock and in crevices, be- 
sides in loose masses ; and in some places the stones look as if they had 
a thick coating of whitewash. No distinct ledge has, however, been 
met with, and there may be some doubt if the facts prove an elevation 
of the island. We shall recur to this subject again. 
IIL KAHOOLAWE, LANAI, MOLOKAI, 
But little information with regard to the structure of the islands 
Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai was obtained by the Expedition, be- 
yond that, generally known, of their igneous origin and resemblance 
to others of the Hawaiian Group. ‘The gentleness of their slopes in 
