a 10) AH, 243 
Besides these dikes, there is a rocky crest at summit, which con- 
sists of cellular lava and scoria, having every appearance of recent 
fusion in its twisted, ropy, and stalactitic forms. The lava appears to 
have been thrown out in successive jets, which became partly fused 
together as they fell. On the east side of the Punchbowl there is a 
gap through which the waters of the rains drain off; and near by, 
there has been another outbreak of lavas, and a jetting of scoria, which 
has formed a pseudo-conglomerate. ‘The gap was probably opened 
by the eruption which ejected these lavas. ‘There are several ver- 
tical seams in the tufa sides of this gap, which are filled with un- 
crystallized carbonate of lime, like the white incrustations of other 
parts of the crater. 
The eruptions of the Punchbowl have covered the plain between it 
and the sea—a mile distant—with tufa deposits. For the outer half 
mile, the deposits are thin, and form alternations with coral sand. 
We see no evidence around the crater that extensive lava streams 
have ever flowed from it. 
About a mile east of Punchbowl, at the entrance of one of the 
valleys, there is a low elevation, which appears to be the remains of 
another crater. The lava stands out in peaks and ledges of solid rock, 
among which are large masses of scoria and twisted fragments half 
melted together. Four hundred yards to the east, there is still 
another hill, consisting of compact black basaltic lava, which is much 
fissured and broken into subcolumnar forms. It is surrounded by a 
tract of black lava, which appears to have been ejected from two or 
more fissures, 
Koko Head Craters.—IKoko Head is a narrow point of land, extend- 
ing south or southeast from Makapuu Point. Its position may be seen 
on the general map of Oahu; but its topography will be better under- 
stood from the accompanying 
plan. It is occupied by two a mC? 
: ° Poti \\\ \} At Y iii) 
tufa eminences, about a mile THAN ON Y, 
: es , ; i as ) ve 7, A\\ ly 
distant, one of which contains NE ee yy 
a large crater, and the other is 
the remains of two or three 
craters. 
The northern, which is the 
more perfect, (on the right, in 
the figure,) has much resem- 
blance to Diamond Hill, as shown in the following sketch. It is very 
KOKO HEAD. 
