KAUAIL 273 
a. The Old Crater has a steep and ragged summit, consisting of 
dark brown lavas and scoria. The cone stands about one hundred 
and fifty feet above the plain. ‘The bare sides are smooth till near 
the summit, where the lava breaks out in columns, so rude and 
jagged as scarcely to justify the term, yet appearing columnar from 
below. It forms a narrow wall, or crest, broken by numerous rents, 
and is mostly wanting on the east-southeast and west-northwest sides. 
The crater is about one hundred and fifty yards wide at top, and 
has a depth of thirty or forty yards. The surface within is smooth, 
and consists of red earth, like the lower slopes of the exterior. 
The lava of the crest owes its roughness, in part, toa thin lami- 
nated structure and numerous vertical fractures. ‘The lamine are 
from half an inch to two inches thick, and although not easily sepa- 
rated, they stand out prominent over the worn or decomposed surface. 
The rock has been rendered very irregular from disintegration, and, 
at top, the columns are sometimes unevenly tapering. Besides these 
sources of its rough features, the walls within are covered with lava 
in twisted shapes, forming patches plastered on the surface, or hang- 
ing in stalactites. ‘The rock of the crest is very cellular, and much of 
it is scoriaceous. 
6. To seaward from the Old Crater, the observer looks down upon a 
low, broad elevation (D), with a shallow crater at top. Its smooth 
surface, covered with scanty vegetation, at first suggested that the 
lava had not flowed from it. But the crater proved to be half filled 
with black basaltic rock, lying in huge blocks, averaging more than 
a cubic foot in size. ‘There was no scoria about the crater. ‘The 
lavas were ejected, and subsequently erupted cinders, with decom- 
position, covered the exterior with earth. The rock resembles that 
about Koloa. 
c. A little to the east of north from the Old Crater, there are two 
hills, of oblong form, and about one hundred and eighty feet high. 
The near one, B, (see preceding map, and also the crater on the right 
side of the foregoing sketch,) contains three craters, and the other, A, 
two. ‘These are alike in their red, earth-covered declivities, unfur- 
rowed by a single ravine or depression. ‘The central crater in B, has 
a diameter of a hundred yards. On one side the lava is piled up in 
columns, somewhat as in the Old Crater; the bottom of the cavity is 
very evenly concave, and covered with red earth, like the exterior. 
The western crater is about half the diameter of the central, and has 
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