KAUAI Qv"7 
rock, with some broken shells and corals. Two miles back, the black 
earth of the surface has twice the thickness here stated. 
At Anahola, Kalihiwai, and other places on the coast, the shores 
have been extended nearly in the same manner as at Hanalei, though 
not to so great an extent. 
There are also solidified beach deposits analogous to the drift sand- 
rock of Oahu, and as remarkable in character. The only instance 
examined by the author occurs on the shores of the Koloa volcanic 
district. The ridge has the features here represented. It forms a 
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cliff of thirty-five feet, which appears to be undergoing degradation 
from the action of the sea, and masses of large size are now lying at 
its foot. The ridge consists of a laminated calcareous rock, the thin 
layers of which lap over the ridge, and incline in opposite directions 
on the two opposite sides, exhibiting full proof of its drift origin. The 
dip, where greatest, amounts to twenty-five degrees. In some parts, 
the rock is compact and impalpable ; but generally it has a sandy tex- 
ture, though seldom friable. The colour is white or grayish-white. 
The rains have worn or eroded the surface quite largely ; but in some 
places, where the waters have stood in cavities, the interior of the cavi- 
ties has become hardened by infiltrating lime, and bowl-shaped de- 
pressions have been formed, lined with a crust of compact limestone 
three-fourths of an inch thick, and having no trace of a sandy struc- 
ture. 
This ridge is evidence of a change of level in the island of Kauai, 
though to what extent cannot be inferred. The recent sand-drifts of 
the same shore are extensive, and are still in progress, and no evidence 
of cementation was observed about them; while, in the solidified 
ridge, owing to some change in condition, there are no sands thrown 
upon the surface, and the sea is making slow encroachments. 
70 
