326 SAMOAN ISLANDS. 
greater part of the wall is still standing. The following figures are 
views of one of these islets. 
Fanganga is the only one of the craters on the main land that I 
have examined. This crater is less than a mile from the edge of the 
precipice. ‘The ascent from Lalomanu was mostly through a dense 
forest over a rich black soil. The rocks seldom outcropped. <A few 
scattered fragments passed on the way consisted of basaltic lava of a 
dirty gray colour, and more or less cellular (var. 3), containing but 
few particles of chrysolite. When within a hundred feet of the crater, 
we left the gentle slopes for a more rapid ascent over loose fragments 
of lava, which, however, were mostly concealed by soil and overgrown 
with shrubbery. These fragments were very cellular, many as light 
as the scoria of Tafua (var. 7). Reaching the top, and walking a few 
yards, we came upon the verge of the deep gulf. I estimated its 
breadth at top as a third of a mile, and the depth at three hundred and 
fifty feet. Its form was very regularly bowl shape, though a little 
elongated in a northeast and southwest direction. The whole interior 
was covered with foliage. ‘There were, however, fewer trees and a 
larger proportion of shrubbery than at Tafua, and, consequently, the 
sides of the capacious bowl were more completely exposed to view. 
On the south, the walls were broken through half way to the bottom, 
and the broad and deep valley which here commenced continued on 
to the sea. 
I was informed that Olomanga and the other craters in its vicinity 
were much like Fanganga. They are deep cavities sunk into the top 
of a low elevation, and, on account of the soil and vegetation, little 
else can be seen. Olomanga was described to me as more shallow 
than I’anganga, and as containing a small lake. One or two of the 
other craters also contain water. One of them is named Matavai— 
“the face of the water’’—and it is said to be the source of a stream, 
through some subterranean outlet, that flows down to Tiavea. 
On the shore the lava outcrops, in many places, along the beach, 
and is of the same kind with the fragments above described. ‘The 
cellules are ragged, and in this respect, as well as in composition and 
compactness, the rock resembles the lava of Hawaii. 
The point near Lalomanu, called Tapanga, near the foot of Fan- 
ganga, consists of basaltic tufa, arranged in a series of inclined layers. 
A few islets near this coast consist of the same tufa, and may be first 
described. 
These islets are named Nuutele, Nuulua, Namu’a, and Tapu-tapu. 
