CHANGES OF LEVEL 409 
bowl and Koko Head, Oahu, which occur at the same height, but 
most certainly give no evidence of elevation, as they have pro- 
ceeded beyond doubt from aqueous eruptions carrying lime in solu- 
tion. Fragments of coral, it will be remembered, occur in the tufa of 
these hills. This evidence from Maui, should therefore be received 
with great hesitation until farther examined. 
Besides the above, there are large masses of coral rock, according 
to Mr. Andrews, along the shores of Maui, from two to twelve feet 
above high water. From his descriptions, this rock appears to be the 
reef rock, like the raised reef of Oahu, and is probably proof of an 
elevation of at least twelve feet. 
KrnesmIL1s or ‘Tarawan Grovup.—This group of atolls is remark- 
able for the variety of its productions and the abundance of fresh 
water. 
Taputeouea or Drummond.—This is the southern island of the 
group. ‘The reef rock near the village of Utiroa is a foot above low 
tide level, and consists of large massive Astreas and Meandrinas. The 
tide in the Kingsmill seas is seven feet; and consequently this evi- 
dence of a rise might be doubted, as some corals may grow to this 
height where the tide is so high. But still these Astraas and Mean- 
drinas, as far as observed by the writer, are not among the species 
that may undergo exposure at low tide, except it be to the amount 
of three or four inches ; and it is probable that an elevation of at least 
ten or twelve inches has taken place. 
Apia or Charlotte's Island, one of the northernmost of the group, 
has the reef rock in some parts raised bodily to a height of six or seven 
feet above low water level, evidencing this amount of elevation. This 
elevated reef was observed for long distances between the several 
wooded islets ; it resembled the south reef of Nairsa in the Paumotu 
Archipelago, in its bare, even top, and bluff worn front. An islet of the 
atoll, where we landed, was twelve feet high, and the coral reef rock 
was five or six feet above middle tide. A wall of this rock, having 
the same height, extends along the reef from the islet. There was no 
doubt that it was due to an actual uplifting of the reef to a height of 
full sex feet. 
Nanouki, Kurta, Maiana and Tarama, lying between the two islands 
above mentioned, (p. 50,) were seen only from the ship, and nothing 
decisive bearing on the subject of elevation was observed. On the 
northeast side of Nanouki there was a hill twenty or thirty feet in 
height covered with trees; but we had no means of learning that it 
103 
