476 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
The following are the results of four analyses of the coals, of differ- 
ent qualities, by Prof. B. Silliman, Jr. 
NEWCASTLE. NEWCASTLE. BULLI. NEWCASTLE. 
Sp. gr. 1:2759. Sp. gr. 1-3082. Sp. gr. 1-459. Sp. gr. 1633. 
Coke or fixed carbon, - 57°775 59°46 65°125 38'308 
Volatile carbon, - - 39°225 34:71 15°850 19°367 | 
Ashes, - - - = = 3°000 o’8l 19:°025 42°325 
100-000 | 100-00 | 100:000 | 100-000 | 
Faults in the Newcastle Coal Region.—A few of the faults in this 
region are illustrated by the section on the map of New South Wales, 
representing the series of cliffs at Newcastle. Fractures appear to 
have taken place between each of the bluffs, though most apparent in 
those to the right of C. In D, the bed of coal which is nearly hori- 
zontal in C, inclines at an angle of five degrees: at one end of the 
cliff the coal is twenty feet above the water, while at the other end it 
falls to eight feet. A basaltic dike intersects the shore rocks at m; 
but whether the fault has taken place in this line or not, could not be 
ascertained. In the following cliff, EK, the same layer of coal lies at 
the water’s edge with a dip not exceeding two degrees to the north- 
ward and westward, and about ove degree in the line of the cliff. 
The cliffs are so far disjoined that the exact amount of the fault 
between the two cliffs is not easily ascertained without levelling: it 
does not exceed a foot. Towards the north end of Telegraph Hill (1), 
a small fault is seen dislocating the coal layers about ten inches, in a 
line running southeast-by-east. 
Through the section in the figure referred to, the whole amount of 
of the bed and the slight coherence of the roof rock, must soon put a stop to these quarry- 
ings. Up to the time of the writer’s visit (in 1840), operations had been carried on by 
means of a single shaft, from which excavations had been extended around over twenty- 
four acres. A second shaft was just completed, and preparations were making to com- 
mence mining. In the working, as much coal is left to support the roof as is quarried 
out, and props of wood were required every three or four feet. Through the long narrow 
passages, small railways were used for bringing the coal to the shaft, in doing which, con- 
vict labour was employed. A steam engine was used both for raising the coal from the 
pit, and for clearing out the water. At the time of the writer’s descent, they were re- 
moving the coal which had been left to support the roof, and preparing thus to desert the 
mine for the new shaft. 
