738 
Columnar structure of basalt, induced in tufa 
on Madeira, by heat, 552. 
of tufa, Oahu, 240. 
Columbia River, 613, 616, 624. 
River, Grande Coulée, 624, 674. 
submerged forest of, 674. 
islands and prairies of, 666. 
deposits at mouth of, 667. 
actions of sea on bar of, 524. 
Concentric structure in basalt, Kauai, 269. 
New South Wales, 507. 
Upolu, 316. 
in coal formation, New South 
Wales, 480. 
in granite, Chili, 563. 
in sandstone below the coal, Aus- 
tralia, 486. 
in Sydney sandstone, 465. 
Concretions, calcareous, from Glendon, 
New South Wales, 481. 
of limestone in the tertiary shale of 
Oregon, 654, 
ibid., containing coarse crystallizations 
of carbonate of lime, 656. 
twig-like in recent deposits, near Cal- 
lao, 589. 
Confervites tenella, 720. 
Conglomerates in the Feejees, 346, 349. 
of Kauai, 268. 
of Mount Kea, 214. 
of West Maui, 231. 
of Oahu, 239, 250. 
of Nassau Bay, 602. 
ancient, of Oregon and California, 638. 
of Tahiti, 295. 
of Tutuila, 311. 
coral, 38, 44, 329. 
Conrad, T. A., description of Oregon fos- 
sils, 723. 
Continents, origin of, 429, 436. 
Contraction of the globe, effects of, 428, 
430, 432, 435. 
a cause of the earth’s features, 428, 435. 
Cook, Captain, height of Atiu, 404. 
height of Mount Loa, 156. 
Cooling, slow, in volcanic centres, 365, 368. 
Copper, sulphate of, Kilauea, 181, 201, 202. 
INDEX. 
Coral, growing, light, temperature, and 
other causes influencing, 93, 
94, 95, 97, 731. 
depth of, 97, 98. 
rate of, 101. 
secretion of, 80, 84. 
influence of waves in breaking, 105. 
texture and composition of, 89. 
Coral animals, structure and growth of, 80. 
Coral formations, now above the sea, on 
Kauai, 275. 
ibid. on Molokai, 233, 408. 
ibid. on Maui, 231, 408. 
ibid. on Oahu, 45, 234, 248, 251, 
408. 
ibid. on Luzon, 544. 
not on Tahiti, 299, 404. 
in tufa craters, 244, 328, 
Coral chalk, 150, 252, 782. 
Coral conglomerate, 38, 44. 
consisting partly of basaltic peb- 
bles, Upolu, 329. 
Coral debris, formation of, 105. 
whether distributed over sea bot- 
tom between coral islands, 154. 
Coral field, character of, 104. 
Coral islands, general remarks on, 33, 48. 
description of the condition of, 
when most complete, 75. 
distribution of, in the Pacific, and 
proofs from, of subsidence, 394. 
effects of subsidence on, 130, 138, 
395, 396. 
area of several, 54. 
basalt on, 78, 309. 
crater theory of, objected to, 123. 
beaches of, 59. 
description of several, 51. 
elevations of, 402. 
elevated, Metia and others, 67, 403. 
emerged land of, 60. 
fissures in reefs of, 59. 
lagoons of, 48, 63, 65. 
mud in, 63. 
ship entrance to, 54, 120. 
shores of, 62. 
soundings in, 63, 
