32 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 
not easily killed by grass fires after they reach a diameter of 6 or 8 
inches, though they are much more susceptible than pines. 
The boxing for turpentine of both longleaf and loblolly pine has 
done much to make fire disastrous to standing timber. The wood in 
these boxes is fatty, or full of pitch, and fire catches easily and burns 
intensely in it. Trees that have been boxed are often killed outright 
or so badly burned that they are thrown by the first heavy wind. 
Trees injured by fire, whether previously boxed or not, are often 
attacked by fungi, which weaken them and make them liable to windfall. 
Fire affects the merchantable condition of trees, both by causing ~ 
pitch to accumulate about fire scars, thus making the butts of the trees 
fatty, and by making trees susceptible to attack by fungi. In either 
case the part affected becomes worthless for lumber. 
EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION. 
The resistance of the mature trees to fire is not shared by the seed- 
lings. Seedlings start in the grass, and if fire occurs before they have 
grown above it a large percentage of them are killed. Longleaf pine 
seedlings are practically safe from light fires after a height of 1 foot 
is reached, but loblolly seedlings 3 or 4 feet high often succumb to - 
them. This means, in the case of loblolly pine, that seedlings are not 
safe until they reach an age of from 3 to 5 years. 
GRAZING. 
Cattle, sheep, and hogs are ranged on all parts of the company’s 
holdings by people living on or near the tract. Although this section 
of the country is not well suited to grazing, and cattle here do very 
poorly, cattle-raising is one of the chief sources of income to the 
resident farmers. 
The number of cattle ranged on the company’s holdings is not large 
and the direct damage done by grazing is small. The chief damage 
from this source is through its relation to forest fires, most of which 
are set to improve the range. In the winter the grass becomes very 
dry, which makes the green grass coming up under it in the spring 
very hard for cattle toget at. If the land is burned over early in the 
spring, however, cattle can get at the new grass without difficulty. 
This practice of burning is, nevertheless, shortsighted. The soil is 
impoverished by it, and the better but less hardy grasses are killed out. 
The poorer grasses already form so large a part of what now grows 
on the pine lands that even with protection from fire a long time 
would elapse before the grazing would be materially improved. 
The chief direct damage done by animals is the rooting up of loblolly 
and longleaf pine seedlings by hogs. Large numbers of seedlings 
are thus destroyed. But it is certain that the greatest damage done 
the forest at present is by fire, and, if this be elaninaked, grazing can 
go on without causing sarees oe 
