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Current Herpetol. 20(2) 2001 



Hardella, Morenia, Cistoclemmys, Geo- 

 emyda, and Pyxiclea, the foramen was 

 located posterolaterally or laterally to the 

 anteroventral part of the processus inferior 

 parietalis, bordered by the parietal, pteryg- 

 oid, and epipterygoid, or sometimes open 

 in the pterygoid (2/3 of Geoemyda japonica 

 and 3/5 of G. spengleri). We coded this 

 character as: (0) bordered by processus 

 inferior parietal and palatine; (1) bordered 

 by parietalis, pterygoid, and epiptery- 

 goid; (2) usually on pterygoid. 



4. Medial process of jugal 



In most batagurid species, the medial 

 process of the jugal was moderately to well 

 developed, and its ventromedial tip was 

 expanded. In Cistoclemmys, Geoemyda, 

 and Pyxidea, the process was weak and 

 had a tapering ventromedial tip. We coded 

 this character as: (0) moderate to well 

 developed; (1) weak. 



5. Contact between Jugal and pterygoid 

 Most batagurid species had a medial 



process of the jugal which was firmly 

 connected with the pterygoid. In Cisto- 

 clemmys flavomargincita, Geoemyda, and 

 Pyxidea, the connection was usually absent 

 or very weak if present. We coded this 

 character as: (0) present; (1) usually absent 

 or very weak. 



6. Quadrat o jugal 



Among batagurines, Callagur, Batagur, 

 Chinemys, Geoclemmys, Hardella, Malay- 

 emys, and Orlitia had a massive quadrato- 

 jugal, whereas in Kachuga, Morenia, 

 Ocadia, and Siebenrockiella the quadra- 

 tojugal was small to moderate in size. 

 On the other hand, most geoemydines 

 had a much smaller quadratojugal, 

 although this element was moderate in 

 size in Mauremys and Sacalia, and was 

 exceptionally elongated but laterally 

 strongly compressed in Geoemyda spen- 

 gleri. Hieremys, Cistoclemmys flavomargi- 

 nata, Geoemyda silvatica, and Heosemys 



had no quadratojugal at all. We coded this 

 character as: (0) present; (1) absent. 



7. Contact between quadratojugal and 

 squamosal 



In batagurines exclusive of Hieremys, the 

 quadratojugal was firmly connected to the 

 squamosal as well as to the quadrate and 

 the jugal. On the other hand, the quad- 

 ratojugal was absent (see above), or if 

 present, did not usually contact the squa- 

 mosal in most geoemydines. In Geoemyda 

 spengleri, Mauremys and Sacalia, however, 

 a weak contact was usually present. We 

 coded this character as: (0) usually present; 

 (I) absent; (?) no quadratojugal. 



8. Contact between jugal and quad- 

 ratojugal 



The contact between the jugal and the 

 quadratojugal was present in batagurines 

 except for Hieremys, while it was usually 

 absent in the geoemydines. A weak contact 

 was present in Geoemyda japonica, G. spen- 

 gleri, Mauremys, Rhinoclemmys areolata, 

 R. funerea, R. pulcherrima, R. punctularia, 

 and Sacalia. We coded this character as: (0) 

 present; (1) absent; (?) no quadratojugal. 



9. Bony beak of upper jaw 



Most batagurid turtles had a shallow 

 notch on the anteroventral margin of the 

 unhooked bony beak composing the upper 

 jaw. The corresponding portion was 

 usually flat, or sometimes only weakly 

 notched, with or without making the ante- 

 rior portion hook-shaped as a whole, in 

 Kachuga, Cuora amboinensis, Cistoclem- 

 mys galbinifrons, and Mauremys japonica. 

 In Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Cuora 

 exclusive of Cu. amboinensis, Geoemyda, 

 Pyxidea, Rhinoclemmys annulata, and R. 

 rubida, the beak was unnotched and, 

 slightly but distinctly hooked. We coded 

 this character as: (0) notched and 

 unhooked; (1) usually flat, but sometimes 

 with a very weak notch or hook; (2) 

 unnotched and distinctly hooked. 



