110 



Current Herpetol. 20(2) 2001 



Table 1. Species-character state matrix for the subfamily Geoemydinae and its relatives. 



Characters 



Samples 



1 2 3 



12345678901234567890123456789012345 



Geoemydinae 

 Cistocleminys flavomarginata 

 Cistoclemmys galbinifrons 

 Cuora amboinemis 

 Cuora mccordi 



Cuora trifasciata species group 

 Cuora zhoui 

 Cyclemys spp. 

 Geoemyda japonica 

 Geoemyda silvatica 

 Geoemyda spengleri 

 Hepsemys grandis 

 Heosemys spinosa 

 Mauremys annamensis 

 Mauremys japonica 

 Mauremys leprosa species group 

 Mauremys mutica 

 Notochelys platynota 

 Melanochelys trijuga 

 Pyxidea mouhotii 

 Rhinoclemmys anmilata 

 Rhinoclemmys areolata 

 Rhinoclemmys funerea 

 Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima 

 Rhinoclemmys punctularia 

 Rhinoclemmys rubida 

 Sacalia spp. 

 Batagurinae 

 Orlitia borneensi 

 Siebenrockiella crassicollis 



021 111??2001 1 100220122001 1 1221 10010 

 Oil 1001 1 1001 1010010122001 1 1221 10010 

 10000011101002200210220011022110000 

 00000011200002210210110010022110000 

 00000011200002210210100010022110000 

 00000011200002200210100010022110000 

 00000011000000000000101010021201000 

 0221 10102101 10201201001 1 101 1 1 1 10100 

 011111??210110102001000110111100100 

 02211000210110201101001110111110100 

 200001??000000000000001010011001000 

 000001??000000000000001010011001000 



0000000000000 1200000000000000 110000 

 00000000100001 10000000100001 11 10000 

 00000000000001100000000000011110000 

 00000000000001200000000000011110000 

 00000011000000000000101000021200000 



0000001 10000001002000001 1001 1 100000 

 021 1 101 12001 10000201 101 1 10121 100000 

 000000112010111002010000100111 '0000 

 0000001000100220020000001001 1 1 10000 

 10000010001002 2 00200000010011210001 

 1000001000100220020000001001 11 10000 

 2000001000100220020000001001 1210001 

 0000001 120001020020100001 101 1 1 10000 

 00000000000000000000000000011110000 



20000000000 10000000000000000 1100000 

 1000000000010000000000 1000000100000 



1. Frontal exposure onto orbital rim 



In Chinemys, Hieremys, Malayemys, 

 Morenia, and Orlitia of the batagurines, 

 and Heosemys grandis and Rhinoclemmys 

 punctularia of the geoemydines, the frontal 

 was separated from the orbital rim by a 

 strong connection between the prefrontal 

 and postorbital. This condition was some- 



times observed in Siebenrockiella, Rhino- 

 clemmys pulcherrima, R. funerea, and 

 Cuora amboinensis. In the other species, 

 the frontal usually reached the orbital rim, 

 but was sometimes separated by a very 

 weak connection. We coded this character 

 as: (0) usually present, without prefrontal- 

 postorbital connection; (1) sometimes 



