YASUKAWA ET AL.- IM IM OCiHNY OF GEOEMYDINI' TUR I LES 



109 



the species k-xcl). Ik'causc no cssciiiial 

 clilTcrenccs c.xisicci anioiiL! these siieeiinens 

 in any eliaraclei, we treat ihein as a single 

 OTU, Sin uliu. 



Batagui iiKie. -To ev aluate states of 

 charaeleis in inL'ioup ia\a and lest ilieii" 

 nionopln l\ , we examined 44 balagui ine 

 speeiniens ol' 12 spceies representing ail o\ 

 (lie eurrently rccogni/ed batagurine genera: 

 Batagiir baska (2 speeimens), Callav.ur 

 borneoensis (3), Chineiuys reeves it (10), 

 Geocletnys hiiiiiilinnii (2), llardellu i/iur/ii 

 (o), //icrciny\ (/iinn/Kh/lu {}), Kin-liii'^a 

 siniiliii (s), \/(//(/r(7//rs stihinni'j,ii (4), 

 Mdiciihi pclcr\i (2), (h\i(lui si/w/isis (4), 

 Oi'liiiu hi)nn-cii\i\ (1), and Sichc/iroc-k ic/lii 

 (7(/ss/((;///s (s) (see "Speeimens 1 \ainined" 

 loi luilliei delails) Das (2(1(11 ) di\ ided 

 the geniis Kih-hiiud and assigned A. siiiii/iii 

 and othei tluee eongeneric speeies to a 

 separate genus, Pa/ii^sliura Ciray, 1869, 

 iisualK regarded as a junior synonym or a 

 subgenus ol Kiuiiiiiici (Wermuth and 

 Merlens, 1977; Moll, 1987). llowe\er, we 

 tentatively tieated the two genera as a 

 single umt, genus kinlnr^i/. |ieeause both 

 genera are possili|\ \ahd Inn piobabU 

 nionoplnlelie (lliia\aina, 1^^S4; Moll, 

 P^S~). In (he '"( haraeteis l-\annned and 

 1 )isi i iliuiion ol 1 heir States" seeiion, we 

 lelei lo these sjieeies onl\ b\ then generie 

 name. We seleeted two batagurine genera, 

 Orlitiu aiul Swbenrockiella, as the possibU 

 closest OUtgroup ol the (ieoein\dmae, 

 bceausc Ihcsc genera exhibited a ivulieular 

 similaiity, as balaginines. uiili the latter 

 by ha\ing naiiow, ridgelcss tntuiating 

 surtaees, ami lacking llio secondary 

 palate. Orliria anil Sicbenrockiclhi, possi- 

 bly eloseh I el. lied to each oihei, are likely 

 to be regarded as the most primitise 

 baiai'urines (Mcnosvell, 1964; Carr and 

 likkli.iin. M'sh. iiii,i\.im,i, i^),s4: (iaffncy 

 and Meylan. hASS). 



We aiialy/cil .V*> charnctcrs: 20 ioi ihc 

 skull, one tor the luoid apparatus, ten for 

 the shell. iMie lor the |u-lvic girdle, and 

 three tor soft parts). Several characters 



eni|-)lo\ed by McDowell (1964) and 

 Iliiayama (1984) were not used in our anal- 

 yses, because they showed high intraspe- 

 eilie and/or inlragcncric variation in 

 ingroup taxa. These characters include: 

 the shape ol' the fissura elhmoidalis, scutel- 

 lation ol the forearm, web ol the hindlimb 

 digits, and subdivision of ihe foramen 

 nervi trigeminalis. Sec "Characters Exam- 

 ined and Distribution of 1 heir Slates" for 

 I ni l her details. 



A species-character stale matrix ( lable 1 ) 

 was analyzed using the Branch and Bound 

 algorithni of PAUP (\ersion 3.1.1., Swof- 

 loul, 1991) to find all parsimonious 

 networks, which weie rooted by the 

 OUtgroup species. All characters were set 

 as ordered conditii)n and were equally 

 weighted. Three kinds of indices, consis- 

 tency index (Kluge and 1 arris, 1969), reten- 

 tion index (l arris, 1989a), and rescaled 

 consistency index (Harris, 1989b), were 

 calculated for goodness-of-fil statistics. 



In aLklition, we applied a neighbor-joining 

 meihod (Sailou and Nei, 1987) for an 

 ahsoliiie distance matrix using the 

 \1 UdlHOK proijiam m I'lnilP (version 

 .V.sc, 1 elsensieiii, 1989) following Hikida 

 (1993). Ihe network calculated was also 

 iooulI b\ the oulgroup species. This 

 analysis was aimed at evaluating the 

 validity of the relationships proposed in 

 parsimonious trees and to assess the degrees 

 of differentiation among samples. Since all 

 characters were set as ordered condition in 

 this study, the absolute distance (dift |y. /)) 

 was calculated as ditf (y, z)=|y-2l following 

 Swofford (1991). The resultant absolute 

 distance matri.x is given in Table 2. 



CMi \K \cTi Rs EwMiNrn \\n 



nisi KllU TION Ol- THtIR S i ATI s 



We exainujcd stales of 35 characters as 

 below lor our 26 gcoentydinc and 12 

 batagurine samples (Tabic I) 



Characters Used for the riuu'.KCuciu 

 Analysis 



