107 



gcociiiytlinc ["iliylogeiiy on ll)c Ixisis ol ilic 

 morplu)U)gical characters ol 32 species 

 rcprcsenling 11 genera (i.e., more than 

 7()"/i) of extant species repi escnl ing all 

 recogni/ed genera bul one). 



Materials and Mfthods 



l\epresenlati\ es ot the l\)lk)\ving genera 

 were exainined (see appendix toi lurther 

 details). 



Cisfoc/cniinv-. aiul Ciiort/. — \i piesein, 

 the geiuis Cisioclcninivs (iray, l.S6.^ (ly]ie 

 species: (7. I Uivnnniriiinaui), is usnalK 

 regarded as a iinnoi' synon\in o\ C'uorn 

 Gray, lS.s6 (i\pe species: ( '//. ninhDi/w/i'^is) 

 (Sites el al., 19(S4; I rnsi and Ikirhour, 

 19Sy; McCord and Kcrson, l^)^^l: l\eison, 

 1992; l)a\id, I ril/ and Obsi, l^;^;7; 



W u el al., r;9S). Neverlheless, se\eral 

 anilu>rs regaid Cisfocleniniys, also accoin- 

 inod;unig (V. iialhinifrons, as \alid (e.g., 

 Binn, 1980; Hirayania, 19X4; (lattney and 

 Meylan, 19SS; King and Hnrke, 19S9; Oia, 

 1991; Zhao and XlIIci, 199V ^asnkawa 

 and Ola, 1999). W iciu:i[i\el\ lolloued 

 the lallci clasM I ical ion iiecaiisc ol dil tei - 

 ences hctucen ilie iwo species ol Cisio- 

 clciuinys and llic lein.inidei ol ('im/ii scnsii 

 lato {('uorj sciisn snuio) (llna\ania, 19,S4; 

 \asuka\sa, 199"), ,ind examined the lol 

 lowing species as their reiiresentalives — 

 Cisroclcrn/nys Jiavoituiriiinala (\'S speci- 

 mens), Ci. ^ulhinifrons (7), C 'liora ainhoin- 

 cnsis (1'^), Cti. ttiir()C(//)ilala (4), (7/. 

 niccordi [(•>). ( u. pani (4), C'li. lnl\i\ciulu 

 ( ), and ( '(/, zhoui (4). 



Among the live siilispecies ot ( V. iiullurii 

 fron\. a. ^. si'milii is most (.li\ergent. 

 exinhnmg a weak p.ui ol l.ucral keeU ,md 

 serration al (he posterior margin ot the cai 

 apace (i rit/ ai\d Ohst, 1997), whereas the 

 olhei lour subsjiccies are dittieult to distin- 

 guish tiom each oilier (ivcrsoii aiul 

 Mc( ord, 199:a: Obst and Reiniann. 1994; 

 1 ehr ei .d , i')98). Frit/ and Obst (1^"^) 

 .siispeeleil lull species status of O. .c scr- 

 ram. Out specimens of (7. \:alhifiifrttns 



lacked laleial keels oi cara|iace serraiioii 

 (i.e., noi belong lo Ci. scrralii). but ssere 

 not idenlilied lo subspecies level. 



1 here ueie no essenlial ildlerences in 

 characlers examined among C 'uora irifasci- 

 (//</, (7/. iiiirovapilaia and (it. pani, 

 although these species ditler remarkably 

 from each other in coloration. They are 

 probably very closely related lo each other 

 v\ithin ( 7/(.»/'(/ ( McC'ord and herson, I^>91). 

 W'e thus combined lliein inio a single 

 ojierational taxoiu)mic iinii (()ll ) as the 

 C'uora lnlii\chilu species-gi oiip. 



C'.vc-/('///.v,v. — 1-rit/. et al. (1997) described 

 Cyclcinys piilchristrhiUi liom \ ietnam, and 

 recogni/ed lour species, C. (IvDluta, C. 

 oldhiiiiiii . C. pii/c/irisiriala, and tclwp- 

 onciisis, lor this genus mainly on the basis 

 ol dilTcrenccs in ciiKiration. On the other 

 hand, herson and McCtMd (199"a), 

 anaK/ing morphometric variation within 

 Cyclcniys. described ( mnpons from 

 southeastern 1 hailand and ( ambodia, and 

 lecivjni/ed onl\ i\\o sj-iecies, ( '. dciiiata 

 and ( '. tir/'ipons. loi ihis genus. .As such, 

 the laxononn ol C'ycU'iny.s is still consider- 

 abl\ conlused, strongly reciuiring lurther 

 \ eril icaiion. We examined 11 specimens of 

 C 'vcU'inys, but most ol them were skeletal 

 s[x-cimens anti thus were not identitied to 

 the sitccies level. Deteeiing no essential 

 ditlerences in all examined characters, wo 

 treated all ol them as a single sample. 

 Cyclemvs, in this analysis. 



(7(v>('//nrA/. — This is a name-bearing type 

 genus ol the subtamily Cleoemydinae. This 

 genus was long regarded as consisting 

 solely ol Cit'ovrnyda spenjiU'ri, with two 

 subspecies, G. .v. spcn^lcrt and G. s. japon- 

 ica (e.g., Ernst and Barbour. 1989; Ivcrson. 

 1992). Vasiikawa ei al. (I9*>2), however, 

 elevated both ol theuj to lull s|>ccics. G. 

 spen^teri and G. japonica, because of their 

 remarkable morphological divergences and 

 piomment geographic isolation from each 

 othei Moll ci al.. (1986). on the basis of 

 comparisons with G. sfn-niileri sensu Into. 

 //c ()ve'/>/v V i.'r,//t(/fv. .uul //. spinout. icas- 



