94 



Current Herpetol. 20(2) 2001 



nying note of the basic call, but in the lat- 

 ter pulse repetition rate was much slower 

 and the spectral composition was similar to 

 the pulses of the main part of the basic 

 call. The complex calls were emitted 

 where several males occur in a relatively 

 high density. Probably vocal interactions 

 may be intensified in such a situation. 



Males were calling on the edge of a small 

 artificial pond, and we observed many 

 foam nests at the water edge. We observed 

 many tadpoles in the pond and found 

 metamorphosed froglets, too. Apparently 

 breeding of this frog begins in early June 

 or May in this area, and lasts relatively 

 long. 



The complex call of R. malabaricus 

 resembles the advertisement calls of R. 

 owstoni and R. moltrechti reported by 

 Kuramoto (1975, 1986), but the basic call is 

 lacking in the latter two species. 



Acknowledgments 



We thank S. Rao, P. Sahns, S. Babu and 

 P. Hegdae for aid in the field work. 



Literature Cited 



Ahl, E. 1931. Das Tierreich. Amphibia. III. 

 Polypedatidae. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 

 477 p. 



Annandale, N. 1919. The fauna of certain 

 small streams in the Bombay presidency. Rec. 

 Indian Mus. 16: 109-161. 



Arak, a. 1983. Vocal interactions, call match- 

 ing and territoriality in a Sri Lankan treefrog, 

 Philautus leitcorhiniis (Rhacophoridae). 

 Anim. Behav. 31: 292-302. 



BOULENGER, G. A. 1891. On new or little- 

 known Indian and Malayan reptiles and 

 batrachians. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)8: 288- 

 292. 



BOULENGER, G. A. 1920. A monograph of the 

 south Asian, Papuan, Melanesian and 

 Australian frogs of the genus Rana. Rec. 

 Indian Mus. 20: 1-226. 



Bridges, A. S. and M. E. Dorcas. 2000. 

 Temporal variation in anuran calling behav- 

 ior: implications for surveys and monitoring 

 programs. Copeia 2000: 587-592. 



Chou, W.-H. 1992. Calls of the emerald tree- 

 frog, Rhacophorus sinaragdimis, in Taiwan. 

 Bull. Natn. Mus. Nat. Sci. 3: 241-246. 



Daniels, R. J. R. 1992. Geographical distribu- 

 tion patterns of amphibians in the Western 

 Ghats, India. J. Biogeogr. 19: 521-529. 



Daniels, R. J. R. 1998. A Field Guide to the 

 Frogs and Toads of the Western Ghats: 

 India. Private circulation. (Reproduced from 

 Cobra 27: 1-25, 28: 1-24, 29: 1-13) 



Dubois, A. 1975. Un nouveau complexe 

 d'especes jumelles distinguees par le chant: 

 les grenouilles du Nepal voisines de Rana 

 liintwcharis Boie (Amphibiens, Anoures). 

 C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, Ser. D. 281: 1717- 

 1720. 



Dubois, A. 1976. Chants et ecologie chez les 



amphibiens du Nepal. CoUoq. Internal. C. N. 



R. S., No. 268: 109-118. 

 Dubois, A. 1992. Notes sur la classification des 



Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures). Bull. Mens. 



Soc. Linn. Lyon 61: 305-352. 

 Duellman, W. E. 1993. Amphibian speceis of 



the world: additions and corrections. Univ. 



Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Special Publ., No. 



21: 1-372. 



GiiNTHER, A. 1858. Catalogue of the Batrachia 

 Salientia in the Collection of the British 

 Museum. Taylor and Francis, London. 

 160 p. 



Heyer, W. R. 1971. Mating calls of some 

 frogs from Thailand. Fieldiana: Zool. 58: 61- 

 82. 



Inger, R. F. 1999. Distribution of amphibians 

 in southern Asia and adjacent islands, p. 

 445-482. In: W. E. Duellman (ed.). Patterns 

 of Distribution of Amphibians. Johns Hop- 

 kins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 



Inger, R. F. and S. K. Dutta. 1986. An 

 overview of the amphibian fauna of India. J. 

 Bombay Nat. Hist. Society 83: 135-146. 



Kadadevaru, G. G., R. D. Kanamadi, and 

 H. Schneider. 2000. Advertisement call of 

 two Indian ranids, Indirana beddoinii and 



