KURAMOTO & lOSHY— CALLS OF INDIAN 1 ROGS 



87 



0.5 



1 . 



I'K.. 2. 

 ( \) and i 

 di iTci cnl 



A part of the advertisement call of Li/nnoneclcs limnocharis recorded in Padil at 26°C 

 1 l ukuoka, Japan at 21 "C (B). Scales in B differ from those in the other figures because of 



:iiial\/inL' insirunicnts. 



Oriental region and iis noil licaslcrn 

 c.xticiniiN reaches Japan (Int'cr, 1999; 

 Zhao, 1999). Ihc scniiu auihor has 

 rccouicd ad\ CI I iscnicnl calls ol' ihis species 

 lioin Japan, ilic l\\uk>u islands and 



1 aivvaii (Kiiramoto, uiipiibl.). I hc general 

 siincinrc of calls from Indian anti Japanese 

 ]iopnlalions ol /, linniocluins is sinnlai, 

 allluHigli liicic aic rcinaikahlc dirterciices 

 in note ic|iciiiion laic (lip. IW). The 

 ad\ ci I iscnicnl call snncinic of /. liinno- 

 chaii\ lioni lliailaiul lllcxci, 19'"|) ,ind 

 China (Moil and Zhao, 1992) is smiilai lo 

 iliai ohiaincd by us, but detailed conipaia- 

 li\c analysis ol' this species must await 

 Inline si ikIics . 



1 he ad\ CI I iscincni i.alls ol / . Iiiiiiiovhcins 

 lioin Dliaiuad, Kariiaiaka, reported by 

 kanamadi el al. (1995) are esseiilially ideii- 

 iical \nih those recorded by us. Because 

 call parameters, especially lemiioial tea 

 lures, vary with tempera! uie, male body 

 si/e, breeding urge, aiul interaction 

 between calling males, direct comparisons 

 of published data are often misleading, 

 llowevei, the mating calls of /.. linino- 

 chari.s from northeastern India (Assam and 

 Meghalaya) (Roy and Illepfandt, 1993; 

 Roy, 1996) and Nepal (Dubois, 197?) differ 

 considerably from our results, especially in 

 spectral features (dominant band at i- 



2 kHz. in contrast to 2-4 kHz in the olhcr 



popnlaiions). As the detailed ta.xonomic 

 siains ol the Lininonecies litnnocharis 

 complex is still unsettled, there may be 

 several cryptic species. 



Males were calling in holU)ws or cre\ices 

 in soil near the water's edge and it was 

 difficult to find calling males. Males of 

 Japanese /. liiunocliaris call on the 

 gronnd or in shallow water while 

 coiniileieU exjxising themselves. Eggs 

 were small (1.1-1.2 mm in diameter) and 

 pigmented in both Indian and Japanese 

 popnlai ions. 



.V 1 iniiionectes cf. kcralcnsis 



1 his trog (l-'ig. 3A) apparently belongs to 

 the Li/nnoneclcs limnocharis complex and 

 is very similar to kcralcnsis, although it 

 lacks the yellowish spot on the back which 

 is characteristic of L. kcralcnsis (Daniels, 

 I99S) We loimd this frog in Kudremukh 

 and lalagini. .Ml specimens had a narrow 

 mid-dorsal stripe and, from the posterior 

 end of the mid-dorsal stripe, a thin line ran 

 along the rear surface of the ihigh to the 

 foot. Males were 46-47 mm in SVI and a 

 female wa.s 58 mm. 



The advertisement calls tcci'idcd in 

 Kudremukh al 22 C (Fig. 4) consisicti of 

 5-9 notes (mean 6.7. N=2I). with a 

 call length of 0.91 ?0. 1 : 

 The nuan note interval v. 



