PERMANENT AND SUMMER RESIDENTS 85 



only in the winter. Our birds may thus be arranged, according 

 to the season when they are present, in several rather well-defined 

 groups, for which the following names seem most applicable. 



I. Permanent Residents. — This class includes species which 

 are with us throughout the year, but it does not follow that the 

 same individuals pass the entire year here. Comparatively few, 

 indeed, of the species in this group are permanent residents in the 

 strict sense of the term. The Bob-white, Rufifed Grouse, and 

 several of the Owls are doubtless literally permanent residents, 

 that is, the same individuals pass their lives in one restricted local- 

 ity, but it is not probable that the Bluebirds, for example, found 

 here during the winter are the same birds which nested with us 

 in the summer. Doubtless our winter Bluebirds pass the summer 

 farther north, while our summer Bluebirds winter farther south but as 

 a species, the Bluebird is a permanent resident. 



List of Pcnnancnt Residents. 



Bob-white. Blue Jay. 



Ruffed Grouse. American Crow. 



Marsh Hawk. Fish Crow. 



Sharp-shinned Hawk. Starling. 



Cooper's Hawk. Meadowlark. 



Red-tailed Hawk. House Sparrow. 



Red-shouldered Hawk. Purple Finch. 



Broad-winged Hawk. American Goldfinch. 



Bald Eagle. European Goldfinch. 



Duck Hawk. Song Sparrow. 



Sparrow Hawk. Swamp Sparrow. 



Long-eared Owl. Cardinal. 



Barred Owl. Cedar Waxwing. 



Screech Owl. Carolina Wren. 



Great Horned Owl. White-breasted Nuthatch. 



Hairy Woodpecker. Tufted Titmouse. 



Downy Woodpecker. Chicadee. 



Flicker. Robin. 



Bluebird. 



II. Summer Residents. — Summer residents, as the name 

 implies, are birds found here during the summer. The}' may, 

 however, arrive early in March and remain until December, as 

 do the Blackbirds and the ^^'oodcocks, or they may not come until 

 May and may leave us in August. Suinmer residents, then, are 

 birds which come to us at varying times in the spring and after 

 nesting here return to more southern winter resorts in the fall. 



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