MAMMOTHS AM) MAsr(}/)(),\S 7 



oil tlio slioiHvs of the Arctic Ocean and buried in the frozen Inndni of north- 

 ern Siberia and tlie uold-hearin^- ora\-eIs of Alaska and nortliern Canada. 

 Entire carcasses, with flesli and hi(h* |)reser\'e<l more or h'ss coinph'tely, 

 have l)een discovered in Siberia. One siicli specimen, found by the e\|)lor(T 

 Adams in 1709 on the banks of tlie Lena, and another disc()\ere(l on the 

 Beresofka in 1901, are mounted in the Petrograd museum. Similar remains, 

 only less complete, were found by Qnackenbusli on Kotze])ne Sound, Alaska, 

 and are in this museum. The contents of the stomach show that these animals 

 fed upon the same vegetation, grasses and sedges, birches, alders, poplars, 

 etc., that prevails today in the far north. The deeply frozen soils and 

 gravels in which their remains occur were accumulated })y the overflow 



After Osborn 



Fig. 1. Restoration of the Mammoth, Elephas primigenius, by Charles R. Knight. 



and freezing of river sediments during a long and bitter winter, which the 

 short summer season was not sufficient to melt except on the surface. 

 There is no doubt therefore that the mammoths of Siberia and Alaska lived 

 in an arctic climate. The range of the species southw^ard as far as southern 

 Europe and the United States is directly associated with the advance of 

 the great ice sheets which extended southward from Labrador, Keewatin 

 and the northern Cordilleras, as far as New York and the irregular line of 



