THE PUEBLO DWELLERS. 61 
cities and great wealth. Nothing seemed to have re- 
sulted from the expedition worth the labor and expense 
involved. 
THE CONQUEST. 
It was forty years later, in 1580, that Francisco 
Sanchez Chamuscado accompanied three Franciscan 
missionaries up the Rio Grande to New Mexico and left 
them to begin the Christianizing of the Indians, but 
during the following winter all three were killed. When 
their fate was known in Mexico, Antonio de Espejo, 
with fourteen Spaniards visited the principal pueblos. 
The interest created by his report resulted in allowing 
Juan de Ofate to colonize the country. He came in 
1598 with 130 white men and many Indians, visited the 
important pueblos, received their submission, and es- 
tablished a capital and built the church San Gabriel 
at Chamita, where the Chama flows into the Rio 
Grande. Onate continued as governor until 1608. 
By 1630 most of the pueblos were provided with 
churches and missionaries. 
THE REBELLION. 
The natives, vassals of the king of Spain, were 
treated harshly by the civil and military authorities; 
the priests, eager to establish their religion, forced 
it upon the Indians, at the same time repressing 
the native beliefs and practices. These two causes 
produced a feeling of resentment which finally resulted 
in rebellion in 1680. The heads of the pueblos com- 
municated with each other and appointed a day on 
which all the white people should be killed. One of the 
inhabitants of San Juan was kindly disposed toward the 
rulers and priests and gave them warning. But this 
