70 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
A recent study of the village of Zui brings out the 
interesting fact that the same general arrangement 
and the lines of the village have been maintained prac- 
tically unchanged while many of the individual houses 
and house walls have been altered and replaced. 
It is on the Hopi mesas that structures more like 
those of prehistoric and early Spanish times are found. 
One of the smaller pueblos, Shipaulovi, is built about a 
square court from which it is terraced back and upon 
which the lower terrace has its openings. Several of the 
other pueblos show signs of having been first built 
around a court and then added to as the inhabitants 
grew in numbers until there are now several courts. 
Mishongnovi has three completed ones and the begin- 
ning of another. Shumopovi has one well-enclosed 
court and another partly enclosed, but the houses are 
terraced so as to face the east. Walpi, which has grown 
until it has nearly covered all the available space, has 
the older portion of the building surrounding a court 
from which it was terraced back. Oraibi is arranged in 
long irregular rows. 
Building Material. The pueblos of the Rio Grande 
region are largely built of adobe brick, the art of making 
which was pretty certainly learned from the natives 
of Mexico who came into the Southwest with Onate and 
later. Clay, first mixed with straw and water, is 
molded in rectangular forms and allowed to dry in 
the sun. These bricks are laid in regular courses with 
similar material for mortar. Such walls are durable 
only when they are protected from rain by means of 
extended roofs, or by constant plastering. 
Castafieda gives a description of the older method 
of preparing adobe. He says fires were made of small 
brush and sedge-grass upon which, when the sticks: 
were falling to ashes, water and clay were thrown. 
