38 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
posed of medium-sized hewn stones and the upper 
stories of small flat stones faced to form the outer 
surface. Many sticks of timber are included in the walls 
to strengthen them. This ruin was excavated by the 
Hyde Expedition of the American Museum in 1895- 
1900 and many remarkable specimens were recovered. 
Cavate Lodges. Along the Rio Grande and Rio Verde 
are the simplest possible dwellings, those excavated in 
the soft rock walls of the canyons. It is along the Rio 
Verde that the most elaborate of these excavations are 
found. A round opening was made in the face of the 
cliff for the door and sufficient rock excavated to make 
a good-sized living room twelve feet or more in its 
dimensions and high enough for one to stand. Behind 
this were storerooms usually of less size and height. 
There are hundreds of such rooms in the canyon walls. 
Natural Caves. A curious series of natural caves 
near the headwaters of White River in eastern Arizona 
have some time been inhabited. These caves vary in 
size and open into each other by low and narrow pas- 
sageways which are also often steep since there is con- 
siderable change in level. In some places the rock may 
have been excavated and there are a few masonry walls 
subdividing the larger rooms. The walls are black 
with smoke and the floors are covered with dirt which 
rises in dust since it is almost completely without 
moisture. Several of these natural rooms have small. 
openings in the face of the cliff which admit air and 
light. 
MEANS OF SUSTENANCE. 
That the ancient people were agriculturists we know 
from the corn and beans found in the ruins. In the 
Museum collections are specimens of corn in the ear, a 
