34 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
boxes made of slabs of stone in which the grinding was 
done on metates as at present in the Southwest. One 
room has four such boxes side by side with the metates 
still in place. There are many fireplaces in an open 
plaza in the middle of the village, where much of the 
cooking was probably done. 
There are twenty-three kivas, situated in a court, 
most of them having their roofs level with the floors of 
the ordinary rooms of the first story. To give some of 
them the required depth the solid rock was excavated 
for several feet. 
A round tower rising from the summit of a block of 
stone reaches the roof of the cave. It hasbeen supposed 
that this served as a watch tower. It may have been 
that the whole structure was intended as a place in 
which the reserve food supply might be stored and 
defended, since in the neighborhood are ruins of other 
community structures in less easily defended situations. 
Spruce Tree House. About two miles northwest in 
an adjoining canyon is another cave with a dwelling 
nearly as large and much better preserved. It is 
named Spruce Tree House from a tree found growing 
in the ruins which when cut in 1891 showed an age of 
168 years. In this dwelling are several ceilings in a 
good state of preservation. This building and Cliff 
Palace have been restored under the direction of Dr. 
J. W. Fewkes and it is expected that they will remain in 
this condition as permanent examples of such structures. 
Balcony House. Not far from Cliff Palace and in the 
same canyon is Balcony House, named so because one 
of the balconies below the doors of an upper story was 
found intact by Nordenskiéld, who describes it as 
follows: 
The second story is furnished, along the wall mentioned, with a 
balcony; the joists between the two stories project a couple of feet, 
