30 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
openings in the upper portions of the walls were’ either 
rectangular or T-shaped and were raised a foot or two 
above the floor level, serving for both doors and 
windows. They were evidently reached by ladders 
and in some cases had balconies below them on which a 
landing from the ladders was made. These balconies 
were supported by the large ceiling timbers which were 
allowed to project beyond the walls for this purpose. 
Kiva at Spruce Tree Ruin. 
(Photo by Nusbaum.) 
The lower stories were reached by hatchways and 
ladders, either from the rooms above or from the roofs 
if the building was terraced. 
Kivas. The kivas, peculiar rooms found in practi- 
cally all the northern ruins, are for the most part 
circular and below ground and are ordinarily located in 
the courtyard. They vary greatly in size from ten or 
twelve feet to thirty or more feet in diameter. A fire- 
