THE ANCIENT PEOPLES. 23 
tributaries, are ruins older than the Spanish era, others 
which were deserted prior to and during the rebellion, 
1680-1682, and a number of villages which have per- 
sisted until the present day. 
Pecos. ‘The pueblo of Pecos on the river of that 
name was occupied until 1838. In prehistoric times 
there were many pueblos for 40 miles along the valley. 
Between the Rio Pecos and the Rio Grande there are 
many ruins and evidences of former occupation by a 
sedentary, pottery-making people. ‘Some of these 
ruins, notably those known as Abo, Quarai, and Tabira 
or Gran Quivira, were still occupied under Spanish rule. 
Gila. Along the upper tributaries of the Gila and 
Salt Rivers there are evidences of a dense population 
which occupied cliff-dwellings and community houses 
standing in the valleys. These were built of stone. 
Farther down these rivers, the houses were built mostly 
with earthen walls; only mounds of earth and boulders 
marking the outlines of the walls remain. Not far from 
Florence, Arizona, near the Gila River is a large and 
noted ruin called Casa Grande. A number of houses 
were surrounded by adefensive wall. These are of solid 
adobe construction and resemble ruins in Chihuahua, 
Mexico, known as Casas Grandes. The Rio Verde 
which flows into the Salt from the north has a great 
number and a great variety of ruins in its valley which 
seems to mark the western limit of this prehistoric 
culture. 
Little Colorado. There remains another large tribu- 
tary of the Colorado which flows through the heart of 
the Southwest, the Little Colorado. Within its drainage 
are many historic ruins, deserted villages with old Span- 
ish churches, and the still inhabited villages of the Hopi 
and Zuni. 
