THE PUEBLO DWELLERS. 101 
various colors so as to form symbols and pictures of the 
gods. Ms 
Small sticks, singly or in pairs, are painted and often 
have faces indicated on them. Feathers, and a corn 
husk containing corn meal and honey are usually 
attached to them. They are placed at the shrines 
and springs for the deities. Corn meal and pollen are 
strewed and thrown toward the sun. Corn meal is also 
frequently used to mark ceremonial trails and to define 
the limits of sacred places. Races generally occur 
during the ceremonies but the significance of them is 
not clear. Bathing the head and the use of emetics 
are resorted to as methods of purification. 
In general it may be said that Southwestern cere- 
monials chiefly employ dramatic, graphic, and pictorial 
art to accomplish their purposes, which appear to be 
the influencing of invisible supernatural powers and 
through them the natural forces. The greater number 
of the ceremonies are intended to bring rain and to aid 
in fertilizing the crops. 
Rio GRANDE CEREMONIES. 
It is only from Bandelier’s short account of his 
observations among the Pueblos of the Rio Grande 
published many years ago, the work of Mrs. Stevenson 
among the Sia, and a recently published paper on 
Cochiti by Father Noel Dumarest, that we are able to 
get a view at all comprehensive of the religious organiza- 
tion of the Rio Grande region. 
At the head of the political and religious systems is 
the cacique, as he is ordinarily called. The office, 
which is held for life, requires years of training and 
study as a preparation and its duties are arduous. 
The cacique is expected to devote himself to a life of 
fastingand prayer. His fasts vary from slight temporary 
