THE VILLAGE DWELLERS. 123 
South of the Gila live the Papago. Their villages 
are situated wherever there is arable land that can be 
irrigated. They occupy the region south of the Pima 
for 150 miles or more extending a considerable distance 
into Sonora, Mexico, and westward quite or nearly to 
the Gulf of California. The 1910 U. 8. census gives 
the number of 3,793 living in Arizona. The figures for 
those living in Mexico are not available, but are esti- 
mated at about 700. They are not so sedentary as the 
Pima since in many instances a group maintains a 
winter village in the mountains where water and forage 
are more plentiful for their herds, and a summer village 
for the raising of their crops. Ordinarily, the winter 
village is the more permanent. | 
HowssEs. 
The dwelling house of the Pima has the shape of a 
dome or an inverted bowl, considerably flattened. Its 
circular ground-plan is on the average about 18 feet in 
diameter. Within this circle four posts are set up at the 
corners of a rectangle about seven by eight feet. These 
posts are forked at the top and in the forks rest beams 
on which lighter cross pieces rest. This framework 
forms the support for the outer shell which consists of 
willow poles set in the ground and drawn in at the top 
to form the flattened dome mentioned above. The wil- 
low poles are held in place by horizontal pieces tied in 
place with willow bark. Over this framework is placed a 
thatching of brush and straw and on top of that a layer 
of earth 5 to 10 inches deep. There is only one opening, 
a low doorway through which one must stoop to enter. 
No special opening is provided for the smoke of the fire, 
which passes out of the top of the doorway while the 
fresh cold air comes in at the bottom. The occupants 
