124 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
either recline or sit to avoid the smoke which fills the 
domed ceiling. 
Situated near the house is usually a flat-topped 
shade, a type of structure which is nearly universal in 
the Southwest. In summer the cooking is done outside 
and no fire in the house is necessary, but in winter a fire 
is maintained for warmth. The outdoor cooking fire is 
provided with a simple windbreak, the sarge and 
most essential type of a domicile. 
A Pima Dwelling. 
(Photo by Mary Lois Kissel.) 
It is said that in former times each village had a 
community house of structure similar to the dwellings 
but oval in ground-plan, which in some cases was capable 
of holding 80 people. No such houses are now standing 
among the Pima. 
The Papago house differs from that of the Pima 
only in the material and perhaps the size. Instead of 
cottonwood posts, mesquite is used for the main sup- 
ports; and ribs of the giant cactus take the place of 
willow poles. The ceremonial lodges of the Papago are 
