132 INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 
until the close of the last century. The spindle had the 
form of a simple shaft with a cross piece near one end 
to give momentum in whorling. The spinning was 
generally done by the women. In structure, the loom 
is similar to that still used by the Pueblo and Navajo 
Indians. It is interesting to note, however, that the 
loom was stretched horizontally near the ground instead 
of being suspended vertically as is the case elsewhere. 
As far as is known, the products of the looms were 
simple in character, suitable pieces for folding about the 
body and for use as blankets at night. The older men 
did the weaving. 
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. 
It will be recalled that the pueblo-dwelling peoples 
of the Southwest, regardless of speech or locality, have 
clearly defined clan groups which are exogamous with 
descent in the female line. The Pima and the Papago 
have a quite different system. There are five divisions 
which run through all the villages of both tribes. 
Three of these divisions are grouped and known as the 
red ants or red people, and the remaining two as white 
ants. To the red group belong the Akol, Apap, and 
Apuki; to the white, Maam and Vaaf. This division 
of all the people into two groups gives us the moiety 
arrangement which is found among some of the Rio 
Grande pueblos. Such dual groups are usually promi- 
nent in religious ceremonies and in games where one 
moiety competes with the other. There is very scanty 
information concerning the duties or functions of the 
five divisions or of the two groups to which these divisions 
belong. Descent in the divisions is from father to son, 
but we are assured that there are no marriage restric- 
tions associated with these divisions. It is said’ that 
members of expeditions going for salt used to paint their 
ee as To Oe ee eg eee 
—. 
