THE VILLAGE DWELLERS. 133 
faces to indicate whether they were of the red or white 
moiety. That such divisions and groups formerly had 
some important relation to the social or religious life 
of the people must be assumed. 
The families are made up of the parents, their 
children, and the wives.and children of the sons. This 
it will be noticed is the reverse of the custom of the 
pueblo people, among whom the married daughter 
remains at home. The houses, each of which is occupied 
by one of these extended families, are grouped into 
villages of considerable size. Each village has a chief 
and a council that govern it. The official announce- 
ments are made from ahousetop bya village crier. The 
chief and council also have a regular messenger who 
summons the citizens to appear when their attendance is 
desired. There is also a village officer who is in charge 
of the ceremonies and festivals of the village. 
The villages of the Papago are grouped into four 
territorial districts to each of which a name is assigned. 
The Pima appear to have two geographical groups: the 
Pima of the Gila, and the Kohatk. The chiefs of the vari- 
ous Pima villages elect a chief of the entire tribe who holds 
office for life or until he is disabled. In an election the 
son of a former chief seems to be given special considera- 
tion. The duties of the head chief appear to be vague 
but his influence may be great without his powers being 
defined. 
Leadership in war seems to have devolved upon any 
individual who commanded sufficient confidence to 
recruit a band to follow him, but the leadership was 
only for the one expedition. Wars were waged against 
the Apache and the Yuma. The Pima acted against 
the Apache as a tribe rather than by villages. 
